Study guide
A level Edexcel Geography - Coasts EQ2
- Module
- Unit 1 - Dynamic Landscapes
- Institution
- PEARSON (PEARSON)
Detailed EQ2 Coasts notes, including detailed theory notes and case studies that link to specification throughout.
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By: nicoleball • 2 year ago
By: Student123454321 • 4 year ago
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Geography Consolidation 2B.42B.4 = MARINE EROSION CREATES DISTINCTIVE COASTAL LANDFORMS AND CONTRIBUTES TO
COASTAL LANDFORMS
a) Different wave types (constructive/destructive) influence beach morphology and beach sediment
profiles, which vary at a variety of temporal scales from short term through to longer periods
- We have tides due to the gravitational pull of the moon which pulls the earth, but not the water which
creates bulges either side of the earth which we pass when we spin
- Spring tides = when the moon and sun are inline - large tides
- Near tides = when the sun and moon are at a right angle - small tides
- Waves are caused by the friction of air moving across the water
- Waves break due to friction with the sea bed which causes the top of the wave to crash over
- Constructive waves = low wave height and long wave length, gentle and flat. they have a strong
swash but weak backwash
- Destructive waves = wave height over 1m and wave length around 20m. They are common during
storms and gave strong backwash which erodes materials
- Wave size depends on :
- Strength of wind
- duration of wind
- water depth
- wave fetch ( the distance across water over which wind blows- distance wave has to grow in size )
- Beach morphology changing over time :
- Over a day :
- Strength of wind
- Duration of wind
- Seasonally
- Summer - constructive sweet waves which creates a berm
- Winter - Destructive plunging waves which creates bars
- Over a long time
- sediment supply from rivers is reduced ( e.g. building of dams )
- interference in sediment supply ( e.g. coastal management )
- Change in climate ( e.g. global warming )
Waves changing Beach morphology :
- Storm beaches are very coarse sediment deposited in serve storms
- Berms result from summer swell wave deposition
- Offshore ridges/bars formed by destructive wave erosion, therefore deposited sand & shingle offshore
b) The importance of erosion processes and how they are influenced by wave types, size and
lithology
- Most erosion occurs when :
- Waves are their largest ( influenced by wind speed & fetch )
- Waves approach coast at 90 degrees at cliff face
- The tide is high
- Heavy rainfall ( permeable strata is weakened )
- Debris has been removed from cliff foot
- Four Main Erosional Processes :
- Hydraulic Action
- Air in rocks is compressed by the force of waves crashing against the cliff face. pressure forces cracks
open which dislodges the rock from the cliff face
- Heavily jointed/fissured rock is vulnerable
- Abrasion
- Sediment picked up by breaking waves is thrown against cliff face, which chisels the cliff
- To erode, the cliff has to be made of loose sediment such as soft sedimentary rock
, - Attrition
- As sediment moves around by waves, particles collide which chip fragments off the sediment
- Softer rocks are very rapidly reduced in size by attrition
- Corrosion
- Carbonate rocks are vulnerable to solution by rainwater
c) Erosion creates distinctive coastal landforms
- Many different landforms are produced due to erosion, many occur when rock is sedimentary with bedding
planes and joints
- Too soft rock are too weak to create erosive features
- Most fundamental process is the creation of a wave cut notch which creates a wave cut platform
- The location of fault lines allow Geos to form
- Geos - narrow fault-guided gullies
- Cave and blow hole formation is common in areas with faults
- Upstanding feature ( e.g. stack ) indicates a resistant area of rock
- Recession of headland forms :
- Cave
- Arch
- Stack
- Stump
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