Detailed Revision/Study Notes around the Edexcel Geography A level Specification: Tectonic EQ2 Module. The notes include each part of the specification broken down into clear sections with linked notes and case studies. These notes were very helpful in my A level revision, achieving me an A*. :))
Geography Consolidation 1.4
DISASTER OCCURRENCE CAN BE EXPLAINED BY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HAZARDS, VENERABILITY,
RESILIENCE AND DISASTER
(a) Definition of a natural hazard and a disaster, the importance of vulnerability and a
community’s threshold for resilience, the hazard risk equation
- Natural Hazards: A natural events that has potential to threaten both life and property
- Disaster: A hazard that causes a significant impact on a vulnerable population
- There is a complexed relationship between risk, hazards and people:
- Unpredictability: People can be caught out
- Lack of Alternative: People stay in hazardous areas due to a lack of options
- Dynamic Hazards: the risk changes over time
- Cost-Benefit: benefits of a location outweigh the risks
- Russian Roulette Reaction: Risk happens no matter what
- Hazard Risk Equation: This attempts to capture the various components of risk
- Risk = Hazard x Exposure x (Vulnerability / Manageability )
- Resilience: The ability to spring back after hazards or disasters
- Children and Elderly are much less resilient and are more likely to suffer from hazards
- Hazards can be:
- Hydro-Meteorological: Cause by climatic processes
- Geophysical: Caused by land processes
- These occur near plate boundaries
(b) The Pressure and Release model (PAR) and the complex inter-relationships between the
hazard and its wider context
- The basis for the model is that a disaster is split into two sections:
- Processes generating vulnerability
- This has three sections which develop vulnerability:
- Root Causes: Limited access or Ideologies
- Dynamic Pressures: Population or Ecosystem
- Unsafe Conditions
- The Natural Hazard Event
- Primary and Secondary Hazards causes
, (c) The social and economic impacts of tectonic hazards (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes
and tsunamis) on the people, economy and environment of contrasting locations in the
developed, emerging and developing world.
- The impacts of earthquakes are generally larger than those generating by volcanoes
- Social Impacts by the population of areas near hazards
- Economic Impacts are effected by:
- Level of Development
- Insured losses vs uninsured
- Total number effected
- Speed of economic recovery ( resilience)
- Degree of urbanisation
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