Summary Cognitive approach Psychology for the IB Diploma
27 keer bekeken 0 keer verkocht
Vak
Psychology
Instelling
6
Boek
Psychology for the IB Diploma
Summary of theory of the basics regarding cognitive approach of psychology. IB study material.
Includes: models of memory (multi-store model, working memory model), schema theory, theory of planned behavior, the adaptive decision maker framework, cognitive biases, flashbulb memories.
IB SL/HL Psychology (cognitive): To what extent is one cognitive process reliable
IB SL/HL Psychology (cognitive): Explain one model or theory of one cognitive process (9 marks)
IB HL/SL Psychology (cognitive): Describe one research study related to Schema Theory (9 marks)
Alles voor dit studieboek
(19)
Geschreven voor
Middelbare school
Psychology
5
Alle documenten voor dit vak (19)
Verkoper
Volgen
naymur
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
COGNITIVE APPROACH
COGNITIVE PROCESSING
Introduction
Cognition
- Mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought,
experience and senses
Cognitive approach
- Cognitive psychologists examine the relationship between cognition (“the mind”) and
human behaviour
- Idea that the mind is like a computer with data input through the senses,
cognitive processing occurring in the brain and a behavioural output.
Cognitive misers
- Miser = wealthy person that spends as little money as possible
- Psychologists believe that humans don’t like to spend any more processing power
than necessary to achieve a desired result
- We take cognitive shortcuts to make thinking easier
Models of memory
Introduction:
- Early researchers thought memory was a place in the brain
- Engram: unit of cognitive information in the brain theorized to be the place
where memories are stored
- Research on damaged brains indicate that there are different types of memory stored
in different parts of the brain
Types of memory:
Sensory memory (SM):
- Details of our environment that we perceive through our senses, needs attention
- Lasts 1 second for visual stimuli but 2-5 seconds for auditory stimuli
Short-term memory (STM):
- If sensory information is recognized or considered important it is coded and sent to
STM
- Capacity of 7±2 pieces/chunks of information → discovered by Miller (1956)
- Generally not longer than 30 seconds
Long-term memory (LTM):
- If information is rehearsed or attended to it is recorded and transferred to LTM
- The limits for both duration and capacity have not been established, potentially lasts
the life of a human and is unlimited in capacity.
Types of long-term memory:
- Explicit memory: Conscious and intentional recall of previously learned factual
knowledge or experiences
- Semantic memory: Factual knowledge
, - Episodic memory: autobiographical memories (e.g. memories of
events/experiences, childhood, important days, etc.)
- Facial recognition ability to recall and recognize faces. Considered both
explicit and implicit.
- Implicit memory: unconscious recall of how to perform tasks, skills or learned
responses
- Procedural memory: how to do something, habits that we have.
- Facial recognition: ability to recall and recognize faces. Considered both
explicit and implicit.
Multi-store model:
- Theorized by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968
- Suggests that information flows through three memory stores, each having a different
capacity and duration
- Sensory Memory (SM)
- Short-term memory (STM)
- Long-term memory (LTM)
Process:
- Information is present in SM through attention, if much attention is given it is
recognized and goes to STM. If not, information in SM is lost through decay.
- In STM information stays there through rehearsal (and eventually passes to LTM), if
it is not rehearsed, it gets lost through displacement decay (being replaced by
another piece of information).
- Information passes to LTM through rehearsal of STM, it supposedly stays there for
an unlimited amount of time, yet can be lost through interference decay.
- Information from the LTM is retrieved and goes back to the STM.
Evaluation:
Disadvantages:
- Reductionist
- It suggests that rehearsal is the main process involved in encoding but this
doesn’t explain incident learning or flashbulb memories
- It’s too general to describe memory
- MSM states that LTM is like a bottomless-memory pit representing it badly
- There are multiple subsystems and subprocesses in LTM
- Only explains information flow in one direction
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper naymur. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €14,81. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.