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1.6C Problem 2 Summary
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- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
Summary of 1.6 Problem 2 literatures and tutorial
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1.6 Problem 2Blue and Beyond
Mood Disorders
Depressive disorders or bipolar disorders
Onset: usually late adolescence/middle adulthood: can in early childhood/old
age
Possible in 18 months old babies as attachment style
Relapse- symptoms return quickly
Recurrence- start of a new episode
Bipolar
Must experience episode of manic/hypomania with periods of depression
Depressive disorders
Must never experience period of mania/hypomania
Most common age 18-29yrs
Likelier in females
Symptoms severe enough to interfere with person’s ability to function in everyday life
Depression is lowest in people over 65, rises over 85
May be because less likely to report
May be cognitive issues like Alzheimer’s/dementia
Less black people suffer but many native Americans (in US)
In western cultures there is a higher diagnosis than other cultures
May be due to stigma/talking about emotions
In Asian cultures, more physical symptoms are reported
DSM-5 for Depressive Disorder
A. 5 + of following symptoms present in same 2-week period & represent a change from previous functioning: at least 1
of symptoms is depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure
1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day
2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all/most activities of the day, nearly daily
3. significant weight loss or appetite changes
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly daily
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly daily
6. Fatigue or energy loss nearly daily
7. Feelings of worthlessness/excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly daily
8. Diminished ability to think/concentrate, indecisiveness nearly daily
9. Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation without specific plan or suicide attempt
B. Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of
function
C. Episode not attributable to physiological effects of substance or to another medication
*A-C necessary for MDD
D. Occurrence of major depressive episode not better explained by schizo… disorder, delusional disorder, or other
specific/unspecified psychotic disorders
E. Never been manic/hypomanic episode
2 types:
1. Major depressive disorder
7% prevalence
Severe bout of depressive symptoms lasting 2 weeks +
For symptoms for over 2 years, also given diagnosis of
persistent depressive disorder
serious drinking- co-occurs with MDD
2. Persistent depressive disorder- continuous, chronic form, less acute symptoms
0.5% prevalence
come and go over
long period of time (2 years +)
2 months symptom free, maximum
DSM-5 Subtypes for Major Depressive Disorder
Anxious distress- prominent anxiety symptoms
Mixed features- presence of at least 3 manic/hypomanic symptoms, but does not meet criteria for manic episode
Melancholic features- inability to experience pleasure, distinct depressed mood, depression regularly worse in
morning, early morning awakening, marked psychomotor retardation or agitation, significant anorexia, excessive guilt
Psychotic features- presence of mood-congruent or mood-incongruent delusions or hallucinations
Catatonic features- catatonic behaviours: not actively relation to environment, mutism, posturing, agitation,
mimicking other’s speech or movements
Atypical features- positive mood reactions to some events, significant weight gain or increase in appetite
hypersomnia, heavy feelings in arms/legs, long-standing pattern of sensitivity to interpersonal rejection
Seasonal pattern- history of at least 2 years in major depressive episodes occur during one season of year and remit
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