Samenvatting
Summary - Stress & Health
- Instelling
- Tilburg University (UVT)
This document contains a summary of all lecture slides, including own notes added during the lectures.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 38 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 38 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Summary - Stress and HealthLecture 1 - Introduction
Evidence-based Medicine
● Scientific evidence and expert opinion as basis for clinical practice
● Evidence levels
○ Clinical observation
○ Observational studies (more reliable if bigger sample)
○ Systematic review of observational studies
○ RCT, systematic review of RCTs
● 5 steps of evidence-based medicine
○ Consensus on constructs
○ Gather evidence
○ Analysis of evidence
○ Results and shortcomings
○ Dissemination
Defining Stress
● Definitions
○ Condition or feeling experienced when a person perceives that demands exceed personal and social resources
the individual is able to mobilize
○ Constellation of events, consisting of a stimulus (stressor) that precipitates a reaction to the brain (stress
perception), that activates physiological fight or flight systems in the body (stress response)
● Shift in stressful events
○ Ancient history
■ Acute physical crisis (e.g. attack by lion; immediate danger)
■ Chronic physical crisis (e.g. malnutrition; over long time)
○ New
■ Psychological crisis
■ Social crisis
■ Prolonged psychological stress
○ -> different kind of stress, not really physical anymore
Stress and Health
● Effect of stress
○ Stress -> health (acute)
○ Stress -> psychological problems -> health
○ Stress -> psychological problems -> behavioral components -> health
■ Behavioral e.g. overeating, alcohol
● Stress does not necessarily always directly affect health
● Stress in clinical practice
○ Makes people sick without having a disease (unnecessary use of healthcare)
○ Increases odds for development of mental and physical health problems
○ Negatively affects
■ Recovery after a disease or injury
■ Effects of medical interventions
■ Patient-physician communication
● If stressed, forgetting more information received
○ ‘Not done’ explanations
■ Patient feeling like not diagnosed correctly, if psychological explanation given
● Homeostasis
○ Body’s ideal level of oxygen, temperature, etc.
○ Sought by brain
○ Stressor can be anything that disrupts homeostasis
○ Stress-response is body’s reaction to reestablish homeostasis
● Stress can be adaptive and disruptive
○ Adaptive : stress is good if
■ Acute
■ Short duration
■ Fast recovery
■ Preparing body for danger signaling danger
○ Disruptive: stress is bad if
■ Chronic
■ Long duration
■ Slow recovery
■ Early onset
■ Preparing body for? / signaling what?
, ○ Transitioning from adaptive to harmful effects of stress
● Positive consequences of exposure to stress
○ Short-term stress: minutes to hours
■ Increase in immunoprotection
■ Enhancement mental and physical performance
○ Chronic stress: prolonged
■ Suppressing auto-immune disease symptoms
● Only helpful short-term!
● Negative consequences of exposure to stress
○ Short-term
■ Emotional level (e.g. negative mood)
■ Cognitive level (e.g. concentration, memory)
■ Behavioral level (e.g. smoking, alcohol)
■ Biological level (e.g. immune, endocrine)
○ Long-term (more indirect)
■ Health / disease
● Development of auto-immune disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer
History of Stress
● Charles Darwin (1809-1892)
○ “Organisms capable of adapting to changing environment will survive”
● Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
○ “Milieu interieur”
○ Inner environment should be stable -> able to cope better
● Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945)
○ “Flight or fight response”
○ About acute stress, body prepares to do so, release of certain hormones
Autonomic Nervous System
● Autonomous -> working on its own
● Subdivision
○ Parasympathetic
■ Restores body to state of calm
■ Digestion
■ Actions not requiring immediate reaction
○ Sympathetic
■ Activates fight flight response
■ Active when we are
CNS and Endocrine System
● Interact with each other
○ CNS
■ Brain
■ Spinal cord
■ Nerves
○ Endocrine system
■ Pituitary gland
■ Thyroid gland
■ Adrenal gland
■ Pancreas
■ Testicles
■ Ovary
, ● Signaling
○ CNS -> sympathetic adrenomedullar system -> hormones (SAM)
■ Increasing adrenaline
○ Hypothalamus -> pituitary -> adrenal gland -> hormones (HPA-axis)
■ Increasing cortisol
■ Few minutes after SAM
● Stress response hormones
○ SAM
■ Epinephrine (adrenaline)
■ Norepinephrine
○ HPA
■ Somewhat later release
■ Starting point: brain
■ Glucocorticoids
● Cortisol, steroids, estrogens, progestins, etc.
○ Additional stress hormone activation
■ Pancreas
● Glucagon (energy during stress)
■ Pituitary
● Prolactin (represses reproduction)
● Vasopressin (increase blood pressure -> heart rate up -> activation body)
■ Pituitary + brain
● Endorphins (blunting pain perception)
● Enkephalins
○ Inhibition of hormonal systems during stress
■ Reproductive hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
■ Growth hormones (insulin)
● Insulin: makes energy store in cells -> less energy available
● Hans Selye (1907-1982)
○ “Every stress leaves an incredible scar, and the organism pays for its survival after a successful situation by
becoming a little older”
○ General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
■ Every stressor has three stages
● Alarm stage (initial response)
○ First encounter with stressor
○ Boost of adrenaline, increase in energy
○ Fight or flight
○ Symptoms
■ Energy
● Resistance stage (on-guard)
○ May look like you cope, but body still trying to survive
○ Cortisol
○ Repair
○ Dealing with stress if not possible to repair
○ Symptoms
■ Irritability, frustration, poor concentration, on border to burnout
● Exhaustion stage (low ability)
○ Body giving up on fighting stress, exhaustion, tiredness
○ Symptoms
■ Fatigue, burnout, anxiety, depression
■ Physical consequences possible, damage to body
○ Conclusion GAS
■ Stress is a physiological response only
■ Non-specific response of body to any need or threat
● Reactivity Hypothesis
○ Stressor accompanied by physiological response
○ Response is adaptive
○ Response starts and stops with stressor
Psychologists Perspective on Stress
● J.W. Mason (1975)
○ “Reaction to stress varies between individuals and within individuals (time)’
● Susan R. Burchfield (1979)
○ “Failure to adapt to chronic stress suggests psychological, not physiological exhaustion”
, ● Prolonged activation model
○ Stressor will only affect health when physiological effect is prolonged (e.g. occurring long before stressor or
recovers slowly)
○ Reactivity hypothesis: similar model, but about acute stress
● Michigan Stress Model (Kahn et al., 1964)
● Conclusion psychologists
○ Stress response not purely physiological
○ Not everybody has same stress response
○ Stress response and duration different between and within persons
● Cycle of Stress (Reznick, 1989)
○ Psycho-biological response to stress -> need to focus on both
○ Measuring both psychological and physiological components in 4 phases
■ Resting ground phase
■ Tension phase
■ Response phase
■ Relief phase
○ Measuring frequency, duration, intensity
● Stress response activation
○ Activated by anything that disrupts homeostasis
■ Adaptive
■ Anticipated
● Necessary -> prepares you to combat
● Unnecessary -> prepares you for nothing; anxiety, neurosis
■ Acute (short term)
■ Chronic (long term)
● Differences in stress response
○ Individual differences (response stereotypy)
■ Stress perception
■ Processing
■ Appraisal
■ Coping
■ Genetic makeup
○ Situational differences (situational stereotypy)
■ Situations eliciting different biological responses
● Stressor and stress response
○ Not all stressors produce same stress response
○ Hormonal signature for particular stressor
○ Body sensitivity to stress hormones
○ Psychological context
● Gender differences
○ Fight or flight
■ Male reaction
■ More aggressive
■ SNS, glucocorticoids
○ Tend and befriend
■ Female reaction
■ Taking care
■ Seeking social affiliation
■ Oxytocin
● Damage of the stress response
○ Inability to turn it on -> disease (body cannot signal danger; no fear cars when crossing street)
○ Inability to turn it off -> disease (chronic stress)
○ Inability to turn it on/off completely -> disease (stress unrelated to stressor, no turning off after passed)
● Historical perspectives
○ Norwegian experiment (“Gating mechanism”)
■ 11 consecutive days of jumping from 12m height
■ Increase physiological response Day 1-4 (peak day 4)
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper psychstudenttiu. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €3,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 56326 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen