100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na je betaling Lees online óf als PDF Geen vaste maandelijkse kosten
logo-home
Eerder door jou gezocht
Eerder door jou gezocht
logo
Summary 1.4 the human body problem 4; drugs €2,99
In winkelwagen
Snel navigeren naar
Voorbeeld
  2.  
  3. Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
  4.  
  5. The Human Body 1.4

Samenvatting

Summary 1.4 the human body problem 4; drugs
 0 keer verkocht

in this summary you will find everything you need to know about drugs, the effects they have, how they work on a neurological level and what kind of drugs there are and the differences between them .

Voorbeeld 2 van de 6  pagina's

Document informatie

  • 7 april 2021
  • 6
  • 2020/2021
  • Samenvatting

Onderwerpen

Geschreven voor

Alle documenten voor dit vak (15)

Verkoper

avatar-seller
blwensveen

Ontvangen beoordelingen

Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Notes problem 4
psychoactive drugs: drugs that influence the subjective experience and behaviour by acting on the
nervous system.


administration and absorption
ingestion
- oral route is preferred
- drugs dissolve in the stomachs acid and then carried to the intestines, where they are absorbed into
the blood stream.
- some drugs pass through the stomach wall such as alcohol, these drugs take effect sooner because
they are absorbed directly into the bloodstream before having to reach an intestine.
- drugs that are not readily absorbed in the digestive tract are broken down and must be taken
through another route.
- easy and relative safe
- unpredictable because of the difficult to gauge factors as the amount and type of food in the
stomach.

Injection
- common in medical practice; effects are strong and fast.
- mostly made subcutaneously, into the fatty tissue just beneath the skin; intramuscularly, into large
muscles or intravenously, directly into veins.
- addicts prefer directly into the vein because the bloodstream delivers the drug directly to the brain.
- after IV there is little to no opportunity to counteract the effects of an overdose, an impurity or
allergic reactions. many addicts develop scars, infections and collapsed veins.

Inhalation
- capillaries in the lungs
- marijuana, nicotine and many anaesthetics
- difficult to precisely regulate the dose of inhaled drugs and many substances damage the lungs
when inhaled chronically.

Absorption through mucous membranes
- nose, mouth or rectum
- cocaine
- damages the membranes

Drug metabolism: enzymes in the liver that convert active drugs into nonactive forms.


kalat

Drug mechanisms
- drugs can facilitate or inhibit transmission at synapses:
facilitate: agonist, mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter.
inhibit: antagonist, a drug that blocks a neurotransmitter.
a mixed agonist-antagonist: a drug that that is an agonist for some effects and an antagonist for
other effects.
a drug has an affinity for receptors like the key and lock principle. Affinities vary from strong to weak.
A drug’s efficacy is its tendency to activate the receptor, a drug that locks on a receptor but fails to
activate it has high affinity but low efficacy.
Some agonistic drugs bind to postsynaptic receptors and activate them, whereas some antagonistic

, drugs, called receptor blockers, bind to postsynaptic receptors without activating them and in doing
so they block the access of the usual neurotransmitter for example botox.

predispositions
certain aspects of brain and behaviour are present from the start in people with a predisposition to
addiction, regardless of their later substance abuse.  study with siblings and their brain. The
probability of abusing alcohol or other drugs depends on both genetic and environmental influences.
For example parents’ amount of alcohol use correlates with that of both biological and adopted
children, although it correlates more with biological children.

genetic influences
children who grow up in an unstable environment have an enhanced probability of substance use or
abuse, and that probability is magnified if they also have a particular gene that affects serotonin
synapses. Several other genes also affect the probability of substance use, but the effects vary from
one environment to another  interactionism. One gene with a well-confirmed influence on alcohol
abuse controls the metabolism of alcohol. After anyone drinks ethyl alcohol, enzymes in the liver
metabolize it to acetaldehyde, a toxic substance. The enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase then
converts acetaldehyde to acetic acid. People with a gene for producing less acetaldehyde
dehydrogenase metabolize acetaldehyde more slowly. If they drink a lot of alcohol they accumulate
acetaldehyde, which produces flushing of the face , an increased heart rate, nausea, headaches,
abdominal pain, impaired breathing and tissue damage.

Environmental influences
prenatal environment also contributes to the risk for alcoholism, a mother who drinks alcohol during
pregnancy increases the probability that her child will develop alcoholism later, independently from
the effect of how much she drinks as the child is growing up. Childhood environment is critical too.
Children who grow up in families with careful parental supervision are much less likely to develop
impulse problems, even if they have the genes that are linked to alcohol abuse or antisocial
behaviour. Adult environment is especially important for late-onset alcoholism. As a rule, people
with early onset alcoholism (before 25) have a family history of alcoholism, a genetic predisposition
and a rapid onset of the problem. People with later onset are more likely to have reacted to life
difficulties, less likely to have a family history of alcoholism and more likely to respond well to
treatment.

Behavioural predictors of abuse
if genes, early environment or anything else predisposes certain people to drug or alcohol abuse,
presumably the predisposition alters behavioural reactions to the substances. To identify people at
risk, one strategy is to study huge numbers of people for years: measure as many factors as possible
for a group of children or adults, later determine which individuals developed a problem and then
look at which factors predicted the onset of substance abuse. Most of these studies found that these
factors in childhood were: impulsiveness, risk taking, easily bored, sensation seeking and outgoing.

another strategy is, first identify young men who are not yet problem drinkers. Compare men whose
fathers had alcoholism to men who have no close relative with an alcohol problem. Because of the
strong familial tendency toward alcoholism, researchers expect that many of the sons of alcoholics
are future alcoholics themselves. The idea is that any behaviour more common in the sons of
alcoholics is probably a predictor of future alcoholism.
the most robust finding that sons of alcoholics show less than average intoxication after drinking a
moderate amount of alcohol. They report feeling less drunk and show less body sway. Presumably a
person that starts feeling tipsy after a couple drinks stops at that point. People who hold their liquor

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper blwensveen. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €2,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 69052 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Begin nu gratis
€2,99
  • (0)
In winkelwagen
Toegevoegd