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Summary A Concise History of the Netherlands - Dutch History
- Instelling
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
Completed and in depth summary of the book "A concise history of the Netherlands." My exam grade: 8.3
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 95 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 95 pagina's
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inconsistency with using the correct terms and usage of the same style. Is also missing important elements discussed in the book.
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
WEEK 1 (1-35; 35-62)PREFACE
● Characteristics of Dutch history: adaptability and creativity. Was at the forefront of
international developments. Involved in globalization processes for centuries. Has
many fault lines / minorities, yet survived and even flourished. Eternal struggle with
the water, a shared problem. Room for consultation, consensus.
Definition of the Netherlands
● Focus of the book on the current Kingdom of the Netherlands. Is challenging
○ Current kingdom not the same as Holland (often most attention)
○ Area south of the current Kingdom has a great influence on history - the
Colonial empire also belongs to history, not to the current Kingdom.
Scope and period
● Author specialized in modern Dutch history. The Netherlands has been shaped by
the influence of numerous events outside the country's borders.
From the Margins to the Mainstream - 1384
● For a long time an area that is now the Netherlands on the edge of civilization:
unsuitable climate for settlements.
● Early Middle Ages: local rulers have room to create their own living environment.
Late Middle Ages: Influential dukes / counts created a productive agricultural system.
● Urbanization growth (not in Flanders). 14th century: Wealth and strategic importance
increased → Dynastic families wanted control over this area.
Pre-Romanesque period
The first residents
The Homo Heidelbergensis, predecessor of modern humans, appears to have been around
a quarter of a million years ago
reported to have been reported in the Netherlands, but they did not settle. This had to do
with the fact that a large part of the Netherlands was covered under a layer of ice. With the
advent of a new ice age, the distance to the warmer regions in the South became
unbridgeable, putting an end to their presence here 35,000 years ago. After the last ice age,
around 10,000 BC. again new people in the Netherlands, but they too did not build
permanent houses and certainly no settlements.
The melting of the land ice resulted in the recovery of the North Sea as a sea and also
ensured that the melt water left a large part of the Netherlands under water. Yet we have
made finds from this time that already show that the people who lived in this area knew how
to deal with the wetland area. For example, the Canoe of Pesse (7500 BC) was found, which
is the oldest boat in the world to date. But also the grave at Hardinxveld-Giessendam (5500
BC) where, in addition to a woman, remains of food were found that showed that the group
she lived with hunted fish in canoes in the river area in the Netherlands.
The first inhabitants did not build permanent houses or farms and certainly not the
settlements that arose further to the south and east. But that would gradually change with
the introduction of new techniques.
,Permanent habitation
Around 5500 BC. there were the first signs of a Neolithic culture, especially on plateaus in
South Limburg where the loam soils were suitable for agriculture. Houses were built, but
they did not become real villages. In contrast to the rest of Europe, farmers in the
Netherlands remained a secondary activity and hunters and gatherers dominated.
What then followed was the so-called Funnel Beaker Culture, a migratory stream of hunters
and gatherers who settled permanently on the higher sandy areas in the northeast of the
country. Their society was socially complex and hierarchical. Their legacy is still back can be
found in the tentallen hunebeds.
Around 700 BC. the IJzertjd only arrived in the Netherlands, mainly due to the isolated
position of the region. It was striking that it took five centuries before it came from the
Mediterranean to the Netherlands and even until 500 BC. took before the technology
reached the north of the Netherlands. It was the Celts who first used the techniques in our
region. The Celts who migrated to our country settled mainly in the southern and western
parts of the Netherlands and maintained economic and cultural contacts with La Tène
culture. The Netherlands formed the northernmost border of the Celtic culture, while from the
northeast came the Germans who would eventually replace the Celts in our region.
It is estimated that between 10,000 lived in the Netherlands just before the Roman invasion
and 100,000 people, although this was far from a peaceful society. In this period the first
mounds arose in the North. Around the time of the Romans, this area was probably the most
prosperous in the Netherlands. In other parts, especially in the habitat of the Batavians,
there was no central authority and there was a lot of fighting, stolen and looted by the
inhabitants.
The Roman Netherlands
Rome comes to power
Julius Caesar, as governor of Gaul, decided to expand his military power and subdue the
restless north. Incorporating new areas meant extra income, because conquered peoples
were imposed an estimate. In 57 BC. When he came close to the southern borders of
today's Netherlands, he describes the region extensively. He said you had two opponents in
the south: the Menapii in the west and the Eburones in the east. We know of the Menapii
that they occurred in 53 BC. surrendered.
At first the Romans paid little attention to the Netherlands, and did not try until 12 BC.
conquer more territory. Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus subdued the Teutons with the
help of the Batavians, in return forgiveness estimate
In the year 9 AD. the Romans were shockedly defeated in the Teutoburg Forest and
retreated west of the Rhine.
In 28 AD. the Frisians rebelled against the Romans by infinity about their contribution and
expelled the Romans from their area, twenty years later the Frisians and Romans concluded
peace, which started the trade to flourish.
Yet the Rhine was not always a stable border. In the year 69 AD. the border was broken by a
new revolt against the Romans, after they had wronged the Batavians. The reasons for this
lay in the fact that the Batavian Julius Civilis first wanted to take revenge after the Romans
had executed his brother. In addition, the Romans had demanded that the Batavians join the
Roman army.
,In the beginning the revolt seemed successful due to the support of other Germanic peoples
and the political chaos in Rome. The end of the civil war saw the winner, Emperor Vespasian
in 70 AD. send an army to quell the rebellion. The more advanced army of the Romans were
able to stop the rebellion. An agreement was reached, but the Batavian revolt ultimately
achieved little, but later on grew into a popular myth. It showed that the early Dutch revolted
for their freedom. The Dutch are probably not descendants of the Batavians, because this
people later seems to have left the territory.
The Dutch area under the Rhine could develop into part of the Roman Empire due to the
stable border and was called “Germania inferior”, that was a kind of province. Around the
first century, new cities in the Netherlands arose on probably the foundations of old Celtic
cities. These were Mosae Trajectum (Maastricht), Ulpia Noviomagus (Nijmegen), Traiectum
ad Rhenum (Utrecht) and Forum Hadriani (Voorburg).
At the beginning of the second century, this border area was so peaceful that the Romans
were able to significantly reduce their military presence in Ulpia Noviomagnus, the central
fortress of the Batavians.
Life in the Roman Empire
The Netherlands remained sparsely populated, the Roman culture seems influential on
Batavians. The area played an important role between Gaul and Rhineland and provided
trade. Roman settlements were most extensive in the south, where a bridge was even built
over the Maas in Maastricht in the first century. In the eyes of the Romans, the limestone
soils here lent themselves pre-eminently for the establishment of estates, where the situation
was comparable to the agricultural land in Northern Italy. In the fields, tenants worked for
landowners, who were rewarded for their deeds and thus obtained land. These estates
(villae) grew and used all kinds of Roman techniques (bath houses, murals). Remains of a
bathhouse have been found in Corivallum (Heerlen).
In Northern areas there was little influence from the Romans, but these areas were
important for the economy of the empire. The rivers were important trade routes and the
Romans even built canals in the Rhine to make the river more navigable.
The absence of staged troops showed that this part of the Roman Empire was a safe area.
The stability of the Pax Romana stimulated new cultural and religious manifestations. A
small group of (Non-) Romans spoke Latjn (the first written language in that area). Also
above Limes people spoke a little Latjn and here too Roman traditions were often adopted
as the norm.
The religion of Batavians changed under the influence of the Romans as well. The old
Germanic traditions of menofers seemed to be disappearing with the blame. The local
peoples, including the Batavians, began to worship their own god in Roman style. An
example of this was the temple at Elst for Hercules Magasanus van Germanen.
In Germania Inferior it could be considered as a mix of Germanic, Celtic and Roman
cultures.
Roman decline, migration and depopulation
The first serious "barbaric" incursions began in the 1970s, but were still resisted by the
Romans. The economy was already less and the climate became more turbulent, which led
to large migrations of Germanic tribes towards the limes.
, In the middle of the third century, the Roman limes was broken by the Franks (= name for a
number of Germanic peoples that were loosely connected to each other). Because of this
invasion the estates went wild and nature got free rein. The sea had become more turbulent,
flooding the lands of the Frisians and leaving them to what is believed to be present-day
England.
At the end of the third century, the Romans managed to restore peace to the region and
spring the wooden fortresses with stone versions in order to be more resistant. It led to the
resettlement of people in the area, but the original villae turned into small farms. A pact with
the Salian Franks led to the settlement of the Franks in their own area near the present area,
the Salland, hence the name Salian Franks.
At the beginning of the fifth century, Roman rule in the Netherlands came to an end, with not
only Roman soldiers moving further south, but also many inhabitants in its wake. They
wanted to move to the safe south, in their place the Germanic people the Chamavi took over
the river area. Despite the occupation, the population was reduced in the following period to
the level of before the Roman period.
The Merovingian and Carolingian periods
Society in the Early Middle Ages
In the years after the withdrawal of the Romans, new migrants from Germany and southern
Scandinavia gradually came to the Low Countries. Usually these were small offshoots from
older settlements. A group that could be found in the Netherlands were the Salian Franks,
also known as the Merovingians. However, although this group considered themselves a
united people, descendants of the king Merovech, who ruled in the fifth century, they were
not, however, a centralized society. The leader legitimized their power by designating
themselves as successor to Merovech and were called "grafo". But their power position
could not yet be compared to the position of "count" in later centuries.
The groups did not form an ethnic or political unit, but were not enemies either. Franks took
over areas and their culture began to dominate there. Not only the Salian francs were to be
found in the Low Countries. In the course of the sixth century, Angles and Saxons migrated
to parts of Friesland and Holland and mixed there with the remaining Frisians and came to
be known as Frisians. Later the Saxons would also settle in the east and here too they
mixed with the local population. The three groups thus lived together and through centuries
of interaction between these Franks in the south, the Saxons in the east and the Frisians in
the north, the Dutch language would eventually emerge.
In the seventh and eighth centuries, the population began to increase, as shown by the
decline of forests and the growth in the number of settlements. People mainly lived near
navigable rivers. In addition, there was considerable trade, with the capital Dorestad, which
embodied the recovery of the cities and the revival of trade in the region. Dorestad was the
capital of trade because of its location at a crossroads between trade flows fought by
Frisians in the seventh century.
The Rise of Frankish Christianity
As population and trade grew in the seventh century, more conflicts over political control,
economic power and religion arose. A Frankish kingship formed around the Salian Franks,
who were led by the Merovingians. Their king Clovis converted to Catholicism in the late fifth
century, making the Merovingians a Christian dynast. Around 630 the Merovingian king
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