Samenvatting
1.7C Problem 1 - What drives them? Summary
This is an excessive summary of Problem 1, People at work. Hope you like it and it's enough to achieve your own goals.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 2 van de 9 pagina's
Voorbeeld 2 van de 9 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Problem 1 – What drives them?MOTIVATION: it is about prioritizing goals, choosing where to expend your energy; concerns the
conditions responsible for variations in intensity, persistence, quality, and direction of ongoing behavior
Evolution of motivation theories:
1. Earliest I-O theories of motivation were anchored in the notions of Instincts→ inborn tendencies
that direct behavior
- the existence of that “instinct” was inferred from the fact that the individual engaged in work
Criticism: circular nature, emphasized in internal causes → ignoring the interaction between an
individual and environment
2. Maslow’s need theory: needs are inborn and universally present in humans; replaced an infinite
number of instincts with a specific set of need
- drives: the nonhuman equivalent of motives and needs
- allowed for the environment to play a role in motivated behavior → when one set of needs
was satisfied by environmental forces, the next higher set of needs became activated
3. Behaviorist approach (Skinner): placed the emphasis for behavior directly on the environment,
ignoring any internal needs/instincts
4. Lewin’s field theory: proposed that various forces in the psychological environment interacted
and combined to yield a final course of action
- each force has a valence that attracted/repelled the individual
→→→ GROUP DYNAMICS
Metaphors for motivation (Weiner)
Person as machine →people’s behaviors/actions are reflexive and involuntary and are
performed without conscious awareness
- psychoanalytic theory, drive theory, behaviorism, versions of fiend theory support it
Person as scientist →people sought knowledge and understanding as a way of mastering their
environment; the ultimate aim of the individual is to accurately predict her environment
- people WANT TO KNOW! – what they want to know varies from theory to theory
Criticism: the assumption that individuals are perfectly rational
- limited rationality (Simon) → inability of humans to reason and make decisions in perfectly
rational ways
Person as judge → an individual seeks information about the extent to which the self and others
are (perceived as) responsible for positive and negative events; looks for evidence in intention in
the actions of other and considers those intensions in choosing a personal course of action
Modern motivational theory → views the individual as an active information gatherer (scientist) rather
than a passive respondent to either internal or external (machine). The individual is not perfectly
1
, rational in gathering and using information and is influenced by social information in the form of
attributions involving intensions of other (judge).
Motivation and Performance
- Viteles → equated motivation with productivity; noted that in a survey, 73% identified the general
indifference in workers the major reason for a decline in postwar productivity
- Pritchard → developed ProMES → an intricate performance and productivity measurement system,
based on the premise that increasing the amount of time and effort that a person devotes to a task will
result in high levels of performance
Performance = (Motivation x Ability) – Situational Constraints
- motivation plays a role in both successful and unsuccessful performance
- motivation is not simply about productivity! – sabotage and absence are motivated behaviors too!
- positive work environments influence motivation, job satisfaction/performance
Motivation and Work-Life Balance
- a workaholic lacks work-life balance → if too much is spent in one area there is little left for other areas
- old theories → focused on energizing an individual since it was believed that unless incentives were
available, an individual would remain passive
- newest theories → focus on directing energy enhancement and understand the tension between
competing forces (work, family, leisure, health).
THE EMPLOYER IS COMPETING WITH OTHER FORCES FOR THE TIME/ATTENTION OF THE EMPLOYEE
Work motivation can only have meaning within the context of a rich and complex life!
Motivation and Personality
- personality can be a predictor of performance
- strong and consistent relationships do exist between personality characteristics and performance
motivation → conscientious and emotionally stable individuals are more likely to believe that hard work
would lead to rewards, and more confident in their ability to accomplish a task/job
- Locus of control (LOC) → the extent to which an individual views events as resulting from her own
actions (internal LOC) or from outside causes (external LOC)
Internal LOC ppl → believe that they can control their environments
External LOC ppl → believe that they are at the mercy of external environments with little ability to
influence outcomes
- There is a positive connection between an internal LOC and work motivation
- Xenikou → there is a positive relationship between an optimistic view of life (positive attributional
style) and work motivation among Greek managerial/nonmanagerial employees; optimism seemed to
diminish with organizational tenure (4years)
2
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper barrynotes. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €0,00. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 67474 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen