Samenvatting
Samenvatting European Governance
- Instelling
- Tilburg University (UVT)
Samenvatting college's + bijbehorende hoofdstukken uit het boek + nieuws gebeurtenissen/ case studies.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 54 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 54 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Gekoppeld boek
Titel boek:
Auteur(s):
- Uitgave:
- ISBN:
- Druk:
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Lecture 2 | European integration and politics• Chapter 1 & 2
Historical development European Union
The EU’s historical development can be seen as:
• Long and winding road (left, right, no knowledge where the road is taking us)
• Rapid change and innovation (new policy areas, new institutions)
• Period of gridlock and stalemate (delays, no real new policies or institutions, no
results or impact)
• Patchwork and stitched together (there is unity but a lot of diversity)
The treaties
Year Treaty Main effects
1952 Treaty of Paris Created the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
1958 Treaty of Rome Created the European Economic Community (EEC) and the
European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM)
1987 Single European Act Set goal of completing the Single Market within 5 years
Introduction of the Schengen Agreement
German ‘reunification’
1993 Treaty of Maastricht Cleared the way for economic and monetary union
Created 3 pillars under new European Union
Expanded EU policy responsibilities
1999 Treaty of Amsterdam Expanded EU policy responsibilities and made
organizational changes
2003 Treaty of Nice Resolved institutional problems, not addressed by
Amsterdam Treaty
2009 Treaty of Lisbon Creation president for European Council
Newly powerful High Representative for Foreign Affairs and
Security Policy
Historical development regarding energy and climate
Important that all these treaties were the result of intergovernmental bargains, and because
of these, the EU developed, even though not all treaties were successful.
• ECSC (1951) and Euratom (1957): European cooperation with national autonomy
with a strongly decentralized policy area.
• Oil shocks (1973 – 1978): first steps towards intern European energy market.
• Single European Act (1986), Internal market legislation (1996,2003 and 2009):
Resulted in energy policies: state-monopolies regarding energy supply, not much
competitions and the EU opened the market for energy.
• Environmental and climate change policies (since 1990’s): The EU established a
trading system for carbon, from national monopolies to opening of national markets
with the interconnection and realisation of internal European energy market.
• Energy Union (2015 and onwards): Sustainable, secure and affordable energy for all
Europeans.
,The European Coal and Steel Community
The French proposal resulted in the establishment of the European Coal and Steel
Community, through the Treaty of Paris in 1951 with the six founding members: France,
Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.
• Remarkable that there first only were collaborations of Member States, and now the
countries also handed over some power in order to collaborate (supranational vs.
intergovernmental).
• In 1957, the Treaties of Rome established the European Economic Community (EEC)
and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom).
Basic institutional structure of the early Communities
• Commission: entrusted to oversee the execution of policies.
• Council of Ministers: representing the Member States.
• Court of Justice: adjudicate conflicts.
• European Parliament: representing the citizens of the Member States.
From the mid-1970’s, the European Council (Heads of State and Government of the Member
States) emerged as the institution providing further political direction to the EU’s activities.
The political struggles that were fought over the course of the EU’s history tell us a lot about
politics in the EU today. A major issue facing every integrative step is what the adoption or
change of policies will mean for the powers of different institutions and the possibilities to
safeguard interests they represent.
European integration
Theorizing about the EU
• International relations: we theorize by using what we know about international
organizations.
• Comparative politics: we theorize by drawing on our knowledge of executive politics,
law-making, parties and public opinion (national level).
• Policy and institutional analysis: we theorize by considering the EU as policy-making
or institutional system.
Possible explanatory factors for integration
• National interests: determine the willingness to integrate.
• Political and ideological changes
• Economic and ecological crises: forcing more cooperation.
• Spill-overs: strengthening interdependence of Member States and sectors.
• Legal procedures and court decisions: create the formal frameworks for integration.
• Technological: creating new opportunities.
Three ways of increasing European integration:
I. Incorporation of new policy areas over time (climate change).
II. Institutions and development of their tasks and powers.
III. Process of enlargement
,Positive vs. negative integration
• Positive integration: the adoption of EU laws to reduce the differences between
Member State laws in a given area, in order to stimulate integration (harmonization).
• Negative integration: removal of trade-barriers that are imposed by member States,
in order to further integrate.
I. Neo-functionalism
Neo-functionalism: integration theory which states that Member States will work together
to rep economic benefits, setting in motion a process in which ever more tasks are delegated
to the supranational level. Politics as a group-based activity, all interests will eventually
organize to affect decision-making (Haas).
• Cooperation between governments because of mutual economic gains to be reaped.
• Integration of adjacent sectors, so-called spill-over effects (collaboration in one area
will lead to the wish the collaborate in other areas because of the benefits).
• Emergence of transnational interests, putting further pressure on governments to
integrate.
• Increased functional complexity will lead to further institutionalization in terms of
policies, politics (because of different layers, resulting in the development of different
European bodies).
Haas’ definition of integration
“The process whereby political actors in several distinct national settings are persuaded to
shift their loyalties, expectations and political activities toward a new centre, where
institutions possess and demand jurisdiction over the pre-existing national states. The end
result is a new superimposed political community.”
• In the case of European integration this means that groups are not restricted to the
boundaries of their country, but can forge transnational alliances with like-minded
groups in other countries in order to further advance their interests (connects
subnational levels of government from different countries).
• Focuses upon activities of political elites (top of political system who exercise
disproportionate influence or power over political decisions). Haas claims that
European integration was primarily an elite-driven process and shows that ordinary
people were not very well informed or concerned about it.
Haas’ four steps which drive integration
I. Recognizing the possibility of mutual economic gains, where governments decide to
start cooperation in a specific policy area→ Set up a supranational body responsible
for administering and implementing their arrangement.
II. All parties realize that further economic gains can only be achieved if adjacent
sectors are integrated as well, spurring additional integrative steps → The result is a
spill-over of integration into other fields.
III. New centre of authority fosters the emergence of new transnational interests, put
additional pressure on governments to move towards further integration→ This
process is also advanced by the new supranational institutions, who are eager to new
responsibilities in order to advance their status as policy-makers.
, IV. Increased complexity of several functional arrangements will lead to further
institutionalization at the supranational level, in order to coordinate policy-making
→ The result is a peculiar form of policy-making in between a purely
intergovernmental organization and a fully-fledged federal state.
I.I Supranational governance
Supranational: rather than an across-the-board theory, they point out some policy sectors
are more prone to integrative steps than others. Integrative moves are more likely in those
sectors where there is a considerable amount of trade between Member States, which
demands further integrative steps and lobby to seek support from supranational actors.
• Beyond cooperation: integration in institutional terms (secretariat with autonomous
capacities as the Commission)
• Day-to-day administration in between conferences (based on treaties).
• Role of bureaucratic organizations and their officials.
Spill-over effects
Spill-over refers to the way in which the creation and deepening of integration in one
economic sector creates pressures for further economic integration within and beyond that
sector and greater authoritative capacity at the European level.
I. Functional spill-over: technical in nature and based upon the insight that the full
benefits of integrative steps can only be attained if further moves in neighbouring
fields are made.
• Creation of single market: from abolition of tariffs between the Member
States to a single monetary policy and single currency.
II. Political spill-over: the result of deliberate pressure exerted to benefit from further
integrative steps.
III. Cultivated spill-over: points to the role of supranational actors, whom are not simply
implementing and administering the agreements between the Member States, but
play an active role in fostering further integration.
II. Intergovernmentalism
Intergovernmentalism: Member States are fully in charge of cooperative steps they take
and only collaborate with a view to their direct self-interest. The Member States work
together on policies of common concern, but retain their full sovereignty (Hoffman).
• Involvement of MS politicians and officials in negotiations and bargaining, through
conferences and treaties.
• Grand-bargains: history-making or major decisions concerning policies with high
national states (concerning sovereignty issues).
• Low politics (economic): logic of integration because nations share same interests.
• High politics (territorial security): logic of diversity of diverging preferences.
II.I Liberal intergovernmentalism
Pays more attention to the role of domestic, economic influences on the positions of
national governments in international negotiations and organizations. These national
governments are still the key players in these contexts, but with minimal influence of
supranational actors (emphasised domestic rather than national interests).
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper xnikkiiixo. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 84866 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen