Detailed summary for the subject REHE.
- The summary covers information of the book and external YouTube video's.
- This summary covers the subjects 1 until 13.
- Can also be used for the subjects Business law and international Law.
Extra's:
- Includes a puzzle of 50 keywords + descriptio...
REH.E.1.3 International law and business Summary 2021 CV
1. What is law + where can we find it
1.1 Substantive law vs. formal law
Law is there to organize just behavior in society, both types of law are necessary in regulating the relation
between the government and its citizens
Substantive law
- The rules of the game as such
- The content of the law
- Substantive law needs formal law to create a society
Formal law
- The rules to maintain the rules of the game
- Procedural rules to maintain just behavior
- Maintaining the intended behavior
1.2 Public law vs. private law
Private law (horizontal relationship)
- Law that regulates the relation between individuals and companies.
Example: contract law & labour law
Public law (vertical relationship)
- Law that regulates the relationship between government and individuals.
- All rules in penal code (crimes and offenses) are public law because when an individual misbehaves, this
person could be taken out of society.
Example: Tax legislation, penal law, administrative law
Private & public law combined
- When a person is being attacked or robbed, there are two laws combined.
Between individuals = tort legislation
Between government and violent individual = penal law
1.3 Functions of law
Just
3 basic values that are commonly shared in every society and the balance between them.
1.3.1 Justice
- Moral conviction of a society expressed in law
- Value judgement of what is “right”
- We expect law to help us create rules that forbids bad behavior
1.3.2 Opportuness
- Expression of effectiveness by a given society in law
- When law is used as a tool to effectively regulate something in society
- Something that needs to be organized from a practical point of view
- Sometimes, something needs to be regulated by law that could give the society the feeling of injustice, it
has to be done to keep society up and running from an effective and practical point of view. Example:
Increase of tax, or extension of retirement
1.3.3 Legal certainty
- You can only be punished for something you knew that was forbidden at the time the act was committed
- Knowing what is legal or not, and what the consequence are
,REH.E.1.3 International law and business Summary 2021 CV
- Predicting the outcome of a certain behavior
1.4 Legal positivism vs. natural law
- Two extremes on a gliding scale
- They both express a fundamentally different idea on how we should behave on just behavior
Legal positivism -------------------------- Natural law
Legal positivism (case law)
- Law can only be law once its written down
- Codified = legal text to understand legal behavior
Pro: great deal of legal certainty
Con: If we need legal text to understand what is right or wrong, we might lose ourselves and may
forget our fundamental rights
Natural law (fundamental principles)
- Law is a natural thing that can’t be figured out through reasoning
- Does not need to be written down
- Human rights is an example of this
Pro: We don’t need text to understand what’s right because it’s simply right (or wrong) and we can all
act accordingly
Con: It might lead to legal uncertainty, it could be vague: “What does dignity mean?”
1.5 The 6 sources of law
1.5.1 Codified standards law book
- Written rules to help us understand to organize just behavior
- International codified standard = treaties (between countries)
- Domestic legislation is adopted by parliament
Enables us to predict on forehand what the consequences of our legal actions will be
1.5.2 Application of law case law
- Done by courts and tribunals who produce case law
- Courts need to apply legislation to a case to make a case more specific
- Case law = application of la
- The administration is sometimes responsible for applying the law, mostly done in the case of
administrative procedures
- The military is also sometimes responsible for applying legislation, mostly a temporarily legislation
1.5.3 Legal writings and teachings Academia
- When court refers to publications of academia
- Academia did research in a particular field of law + how to use the law in a particular way
1.5.4 Religious writings and teachings Bible, Koran
- Secular state: a clear distinction between religion and governance
- Non-secular state: religion and governance are merged and not separated. In non-secular states, religious
writings and teachings are a fundamental source of law
1.5.5 Customary law Sharia (Islamic law)
- Not written down in a codified standard or case law
- Emerged from a long-lasting habit
- In the context of family law and traditions
Example: traditional weddings; rules are not written down, they are a habit from long lasting traditions Usus:
habit. Opinio iuris sive necessitates: all participants should consider this as consisting law
, REH.E.1.3 International law and business Summary 2021 CV
1.5.6 Legal principles of law Fair trial
- A universal principle that no one should break like not torturing each other.
- Fair trial = the defendant has the right on a fair trial meaning he has resources to a meaningful defense.
2. Comparative law and legal systems
2.1 The purpose of comparative law
Systems are compared to see how they respond to a social problem. There are 5 main purposes:
2.1.1 Gaining knowledge
- When one is curious about another legal system
- Gaining more insight in how law works
2.1.2 Evaluating the better law
- Gaining knowledge and wanting to do something with it
- If a legislator wants to adopt a new law
- Comparing different legal systems to see differences
2.1.3 Substantiate the application of law
- If the court doesn’t know how to respond;
- Court looks around to other legal systems
- Especially in common law systems
2.1.4 Improve legal education
- When law students see different solutions to the same legal problem, it helps them to understand law in a
better way
2.1.5 Unification of law
- Economic legal cooperation (EU)
- We want the law to be the same
- Makes doing business more easy in some member countries
- Especially to unify the differences and negotiate
- Law comparison contributes to the unification of law
2.2 Legal families
We can divide the world into different legal families (country or member state)
2.2.1 Common law system
- Highest source of law: case law
- Judges have a very fundamental role to play in creating and understanding the law
- The courts have a large chain of case law as they apply the same to similar cases
- Origin: England (Anglo Americans)
2.2.2 Civil law system
- Highest source of law: codified standards
- Primary function of court is understanding, and do not create new standards, unlike common law
- Origin: France (Roman law)
2.2.3 Mixed legal system
- More than 1 legal system
- Example: Japan. Influences from France & Germany: civil law, USA: common law & China: traditional law
3. Constitutional law
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