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SUMMARY RISK ASSESSMENT

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complete summary for the course risk assessment, includes summary of all lectures and workgroups. Includes summary of all prescribed literature, gives extra examples. Includes several example exam questions. Gives table overview of all risk assessment tools.

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  • 6 mei 2021
  • 52
  • 2020/2021
  • Samenvatting
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RISK ASSESSMENT YEAR 3

THIS SUMMARY DOES NOT GUARANTEE A PASSING GRADE ON THE EXAM. PLEASE READ
AND STUDY THE MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE LECTURER.

ALL IMAGES BELONG TO THEIR RIGHTFUL OWNER AND ARE NOT MINE.

TIP: look for ‘the criminologist’ on YouTube for great example videos. Here’s an example:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=filtuNCRqvg

The Area Under the Curve (AUC) is the measure of the ability of a classifier to distinguish
between classes and is used as a summary of the ROC curve. The higher the AUC, the better
the performance of the model at distinguishing between the positive and negative classes.

Lecture 1 - introduction

Definition
 The attempt to predict the likelihood of future offending in order to identify
individuals in need of intervention
 Risk assessment must specify
o Behaviour (e.g., violent behaviour)
o Potential damage or harm caused by the behaviour (e.g., child sexual abuse)
o Probability that it will occur and under what circumstances

Types of factors in risk assessment
 Risk factors
o Characteristics that increase the risk of offence
o Static and dynamic
 protective factors
o Characteristics that decrease the likelihood of offence
o Treatment is not only fixing what has been broken, but also the preservation
and strengthening of what is good
o Protective factors can be conceptualized as prosocial means to achieve life
goals
o Good lives model (GLM) of rehabilitation
 Accomplish a good life by fulfilling the primary prosocial goals
 Offending = maladaptive attempt to attain the primary goals
o Interaction with risk factors
 If the protective factors are strong enough, they can buffer the
chances of risk factors
 Potentially more engaging and effective interventions
 Improvement protective factors → recidivism
o SAPROF
 Structured assessment of protective factors for violence risk

, 

Risk factors
 Static risk factors
o Not used in forensic psychiatry, only interesting for policy makers
o Not changeable/ treatable
o E.g., age, gender, ethnicity, first offense, type of offense, first conviction
o StatRec
 Static risk of recidivism → give general risk of re-offence
 Gender, age, country of birth, offence type, early convictions,
sequence of judicial contacts
o Static99-R
 Static risk assessment tool for sex offenders





 Dynamic risk factors
o changeable/ treatable

, o Interventions aim at the change of dynamic risk factors
 Causal status
o Also called cimininogenic dynamic needs
o RNR
 Risk, need responsivity model
 Risk principle
 Offenders at higher risk of reoffending will benefit most from
more intensive treatment
 Need principle
 Only those factors associated with reductions in recidivism
should be targeted during treatment
 Responsivity principle
 Interventions should be matched to offender characteristics
such as level of motivation, personal circumstances and
learning style
o Central eight criminogenic needs
 Antisocial attitudes/ orientation
 Antisocial peers
 Antisocial personality
 Antisocial behaviour patterns
 Absence of prosocial leisure/ recreational activities
 Dysfunctional family
 Employment issues
 Substance abuse problems
o Influential factors that are not necessarily related to criminal activities
 Personal distress
 Major mental disorder
 Low self-esteem
 Low physical activity
 Poor physical living conditions
 Low conventional ambition
 Insufficient fear of official punishment
o LS/ CMI
 Level of service/ case management inventory

Stable and acute dynamic factors
 Stable
o Modifiable but unlikely to change
 Changing maladaptive self-regulation happens slowly
o Personal skill deficits and learned behaviours
o Can be changed through a process of effortful treatment
o E.g., impulse control, poor attachment style
 Acute
o Modifiable and likely to change
o Highly transient conditions that only last hours or days
o Rapidly changing because of environment triggers or intrapersonal stress
o E.g. mood, intoxication

,  DRAOR
o Dynamic risk assessment for offender re-entry
o Recidivism risk in the community
o Inform case planning and risk management
o Stable and acute dynamic risk factors + protective factors
o Predicts: reconvictions, reimprisonment, breaches of parole

Dynamic risk factors, dual status
 Predictors of recidivism
 Potential causes of recidivism form and explanatory point of views and as predictors
 Cause effect hypothesis
o Assumptions
 Evidence for an association between risk factors and outcome, namely
reoffending
 There must be a causal relationship in the opposite direction
 The cause must precede the occurrence of the effect
 Do other inter-correlated factors for an observed association exist?
 When there is a cause between risk factor A and outcome B, the
mechanism must be explained

Composite constructs
 Each factor consists of several sub-factors and/ or single factors
o Antisocial cognition → attitudes, value, identity, anger management, etc.
 Risk factor consists of social factors, mental-state factors, biological factors, etc.
Lack specificity
 Risk factor A causes reoffending
 Very often, there is lack of explanatory theories
Grain problem
 Dynamic risk factors often have different levels of a more general to a more specific
domain
 Do we say narcissistic personality disorder is the risk, or the cluster B personality
disorder is the risk?

Normative concepts
 Behaving according to the rules of your culture, community, country, social setting
 Social and legal norms may not be violated
 Dynamic risk factors are difficult to translate in risk bands (low/ medium/ high)
o Dynamic, can change over time and is related to social triggers

When we talk about dynamic risk factors, we CANNOT speak about causal relationships!!

Generations of risk assessment instruments
 1st generation
o Unstructured professional judgment
 No underlying assessment instrument
 Not expensive, flexible, convenient, broadly accepted

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