Lecture notes Public International Law (L-CT-0024) International Law, ISBN: 9781107188471
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Public International Law (LCT0024)
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OP JINDAL GLOBAL UNIVERSITY
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International Law
This document has the complete course notes for the course 'Public International Law' including detailed case briefs, concept notes, and commentary on the subject matter.
Includes -
1. Introduction to International Law
2. Sources of International Law (VCLT, customary internationa...
O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana, India
,Case List
1. Las Palmas Island (1928) II RIAA 829 Territorial sovereignty / Terra nullius, subsequent
conduct, treaty interpretation
2. Qatar v Bahrain [1994] ICJ Rep 112 Minutes of Meeting as Treaty
3. Reservations to Genocide Convention (1951), ICJ reservations, ratification
4. Rainbow Warrior case (France v New Zealand) 82 I.L.R. 500, 551-64 (1990) Composite acts
in State responsibility – Continuing violation
5. Case concerning the Gabc̆íkovo-Nagymaros project (Hungary/Slovakia) 25 Septembre
1997. (1997) 116 ILR 1 Treaty Law; State responsibility; Dispute
6. Anglo-Norwegain Fisheries case [1951] ICJ Rep 116CIL, persistent objector
7. Cameroon v Nigeria [2002] ICJ Rep 303 Principle of estoppel (Unilateral Act)
8. La Grand Case (Germany v US) ICJ GL No 104 State responsibility – Domestic Law
9. Asylum Case (Colombia v Peru) 17 ILR 582 (International Court of Justice). Regional
Custom; Distinction between political and legal disputes.
10. North Sea Continental Shelf Case (Germany v Netherland / Germany v Denmark) (1969)
ICJ Rep 3 41 ILR 29 (International Court of Justice). 70-80, 81, 85
11. Nicaragua v. United States of America (Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against
Nicaragua) 76 ILR 1 (International Court of Justice 1986). 183,184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190,
193, 207
12. Nicaragua v. US Jurisdiction and Admissibility 1984 Compulsory Jurisdiction under article
36(5) and 36(4)
13. SS Lotus (France v. Turkey) (1927) PCIJ Series A no 10 Voluntarism; Jurisdiction
14. Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion ICJ ICJ GL No 95 Customary Law; Proportionality;
Use of force/threat
15. Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company Case I.C.J. Reports 1970 3, 33-35 Erga
Omnes, Legal personality of a corporation
16. Australia v. Japan (Whaling in the Antarctic Case) Reservations; Resolutions of
International Councils
17. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
129 ILR 37 (International Court of Justice). Self-determination
18. ICJ Advisory Opinion- Independence of Kosovo 22 July 2010 Self-determination and
independence
19. Belgium v. Senegal (Position of Individuals in International Law) July 20 2012 International
personality; Dispute Settlement
20. Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic Jus in bello
21. Germany v. Italy (Greece intervening) 168 ILR 1 (International Court of Justice). State
responsibility (Jus Cogens); Immunities
,22. Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America ICJ Press Release 15.06.2016
Immunities – Friendship Treaty – International Leadministrative tribunal Personality
23. Nuclear Tests Cases I.C.J. Reports 1974 Unilateral Acts; Disputes
24. Alabama Claims Case 14 September 1872 Arbitration; Domestic Law; State responsibility
25. United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States of America v. Iran)
ICJ GL No 64 Dispute Settlement
26. Georgia v Russia ICJ GL No 140 Dispute Settlement (Compromissory Clause)
27. PCIJ Legal Status of Eastern Greenland PCIJ Series A/B No 53 Ilhen Declaration
28. Right of Passage on the Indian Territory (Portugal v India) [1957] ICJ Rep 125 General
Principles of Law
29. Certain Expenses of the United Nations 34 ILR 281 (International Court of Justice).
International Personality
30. Reparations for the Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations 16 ILR 318
(International Court of Justice). International Personality
31. Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear ( Cambodia v Thailand), Merits 33 ILR 48
(International Court of Justice). Acquisition of territory / boundary disputes
32. Aaland Island Question (1920) L.N.O.J. Spec. Supp. No. 3. Secession
33. Reference Re Secession of Quebec 2 SCR 217 Secession
34. Legal Consequence of the Continued Presence of South Africa In Namibia International
Court of Justice (ICJ), 21 June 1971 52 – Self-determination as law applicable to
decolonization
35. Parlement Belge Case 1878 Immunities
36. DRC v Uganda ICJ GL No 116 Invitation for use of force
37. Danzig Railway Officials Case (1928) PCIJ Series B no 15 Internal subjects in international
law (Direct applicability and direct effect)
38. Administrative Tribunal Case [1954] ICJ Rep 47 International Organization’s
39. East- Timor (Portugal v Australia) [1995] ICJ Rep 90 Self-determination (Erga Omnes)
40. Bosnia v Serbia [2007] ICJ 2 State Succession State responsibility
41. Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) [1955] ICJ 1 Jurisdiction; Extra-territorial
competence
42. Victory Transport Ltd. v Comisario Generales 232 F. Supp. 294 (1963) Sovereign
immunities
43. Congreso Case Sovereign nature and sovereign act
44. Claim against the Empire of Iran (Embassy of Iran case) 45 ILR 57 (Constitutional Court of
the Federal Republic of Germany) Jurisdiction and sovereign immunity
45. Chorzow Factory PCIJ Case (1928) PCIJ Series A No 17 State Responsibility and
International Obligation
,46. Velazgues Rodriguez Case Inter-American Court of Human Rights 29 July 1988 State
responsibility / attribution / ultra vires acts.
47. Francisco Mallen Case (United States of Mexico v USA) 4 ILR 213 Ultra vires acts of an
agent / State responsibility
48. Iran Us Claims Tribunal re the question of dominant nationality for diplomatic protection
Diplomatic protection
49. Jolly George 1980 AIR 470 Domestic Law- Compatibility of article 51 (c) of the CPC with
the ICCPR
50. Vishaka Judgement (1997) 6 SCC 241 Harmonious Interpretation
51. Oil Platforms Case (Iran v. US) [1996] ICJ Rep 803 Use of Force – Armed conflict –
Proportionality Test
52. Naulilaa Case (1928) 1 RIAA Reprisals as title to use force
53. Caroline Case Self-Defence
54. Corfu Channel Case Preliminary Objections (1948) ICJ Rep 15 Forum Prorogatum
55. PCIJ Mavrommatis PCIJ Series A no 2 Notion of dispute
56. Texaco v Libya 1978 Dispute Settlement – Mixed Arbitration – Internationalisation of
economic development contracts
57. AS v Hungary 2006 Critiques to International Law (Violence against women)
58. Western Sahara AO 1975 Terra Nullius / Territorial Sovereignty
59. Chagos Islands AO 2019 Self-determination / Decolonisation
60. Burkina Faso v Republic of Mali 1986 State succession and uti possidetis
61. Valeria Eboli & Jean Paul Pierini, ‘The “Enrica Lexie Case” and the Limits of the
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction of India’, (2012) Online Working Paper 2012/n.39
, CLASS NOTES
What is International Law?
International law comprises a system of rules and principles that govern the international
relations between sovereign states and other institutional subjects of international law such as
the United Nations, the Arab League, and the African Union. It operates alongside international
diplomacy, politics, and economics.
● The idea of force vs. idea of sanctions
● International vs. domestic law
● Article 2(4) of the UN Charter - use of force is forbidden
● No Judiciary, Parliament, Executive
Then why do states follow such law?
● Morality
● Politics
● RECIPROCITY - trade, citizenship etc.
● Rewards system - socio-economic advantages
Private (which legal regime is applicable to a situation, e.g. contract) vs. public international law
(state conduct)
Modern international law - 17th century
PRECURSORS
● Early Mesopotamia (refer to chapter)
● Greece alliances
● But lack of sense of community
● Roman empire
Today international “community” which is composed of States
Aquinas - natural law - everybody is gifted by reason - natural law is reason and not simply given
to us by revelation
Canon law - bible
Vitoria De Indis - conquest, annexation
,Natural law - there is a body of immutable higher moral rules/principles/ideas that are to govern
human relations independently of the laws that humans are to make for themselves
Dutch lawyer - Huber
POSITIVISM- a sanctuary of Int’l Law thinkers - laws to be determined by ‘abstract principles’ or
the ‘practise’ / experience - the rise of empiricism - command theory - no morality - what the
government decides
19th century - century of positivism in int’l law
Shift from just - unjust war to legal war
International legal system vs. the domestic legal system
● Enforcement
● Statutes vs. principles
● “Government” - legislative and judicial system
● Use of force - Article 2(4) - Chapter VII - total prohibition
,WEEK 1 - INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL LAW
International law is concerned with nation-states and not individual citizens
Principal subjects of International law:
1. Conflict of laws (private) - deals with those cases, within particular legal systems, in which
foreign elements obtrude, raising questions as to the application of foreign law or the role
of foreign courts. Eg: Contract
2. Public international law - in contrast, not simply an adjunct of a legal order, but a
separate system altogether, covers relations between States in all their myriad forms
Some features:
● Different from international comity (saluting flag) and international morality
● No legislature
● Resolutions not legally binding
● No system of courts
● No executive or governing entity
● No unified system of sanctions - coercive action within the UN framework is rare
● No SOP
Is this even law?
● John Austin - command theory - international law is ‘positive morality’
Role of force
• States may use force in self-defence
• But sanctions here at the disposal of the state, not the system itself
International Legal System
• Horizontal not vertical - all states equal in legal theory (sovereignty)
• States themselves create the law and obey/disobey it
• Element of reciprocity
• Advantages or ‘rewards’ (eg: friendly relations)
BASIS INTERNATIONAL LAW DOMESTIC LAW
Legal machinery International law doesn’t fit this model In a domestic legal system,
, exactly— International law has no there is the existence of a
legislature (General Assembly of the UN recognized body to legislate
has delegates from all the member or create laws (legislature), a
states, but its resolutions are for the most hierarchy of courts with
part, not binding); no system/ hierarchy jurisdiction to settle disputes
of courts (International Court of Justice— over such laws (judiciary), and
ICJ—does exist but can only decide cases an accepted system of
when both sides consent, and it cannot enforcing those laws
ensure that its decisions are complied (executive)
with); no executive or governing entity
(Security Council of UN sort of supposed
to fill this role, but not really able to in
practice)
Primary subjects/ Today, international organizations and In domestic law, primary
actors individuals are becoming more of players are individuals
subjects, but still true that primary
players are the states themselves
Structure - The legal structure in most societies - In domestic systems, the
(horizontal/ is hierarchical and authority is vertical. law is above individuals; but
vertical) The international system, in contrast, is international law only exists
largely horizontal, consisting of over 190 between the states
independent states, all equal in legal - In a domestic system,
theory and recognizing no one in individuals only have choice
authority over them as to whether to obey the law
- In International law, it’s the states or not. They don’t create the
themselves that create the law and obey law—that’s done by specific
or disobey it— International law primarily institutions
formulated by International agreements,
which create rules binding on the
signatories, and customary rules, which
are basically state practices recognized by
the International community at large as
laying down rules that have to be
complied with
, Separation of - But in the international legal scene, - In advanced domestic
Powers generally states both make the rules and legal systems, clear
interpret and enforce them separation of powers
Why obey?
● 19th century - business-oriented approach - the importance of ‘contract’ - theory of
consent - States were independent, and free agents, and accordingly they could only be
bound with their own consent
○ This approach found its extreme expression in the theory of auto-limitation, or
self-limitation, which declared that states could only be obliged to comply with
international legal rules if they had first agreed to be so obliged
○ Limitations - have new states consented to international rules that came before
they were sovereign?; also does not explain the international legal system by not
taking into account the growth in international institutions; what happens when
consent is withdrawn?
○ Pacta Sunt Servanda - the principle that agreements are binding (cannot be based
on consent)
● Doctrine of consensus
○ Influence of majority in creating new norms
○ Explains how individual state consent is transmuted into community acceptance
Pacta sunt servanda
● is a Latin term which means agreements must be kept.
● It is the principle in international law which says that international treaties should be
upheld by all the signatories.
● Based upon the principle of good faith. The basis of good faith indicates that a party to
the treaty cannot invoke provisions of its domestic law as a justification for a failure to
perform.
● The only limit to pacta sunt servanda is the peremptory norms of general international
law known as “jus cogens” which means compelling law.
Fundamental Principles Governing International Relations and International Law
1. The “Sovereign Equality of States”
, ● Of all principles, this one is the most unqualified and has the support of all states, can be
seen as the linchpin of the whole body of international legal standards
● This principle embraces 2 distinct notions: sovereignty + legal equality
● “Sovereignty” includes sweeping powers and rights:
○ Power to wield authority over all the individuals living in the territory.
○ Power to freely use and dispose of the territory under its jurisdiction and perform
all activities deemed necessary or beneficial to the population living there.
○ The right that no other state intrudes in the state’s territory, and the right to
exclude others from its territory.
○ The right to immunity from the jurisdiction of foreign courts for actions
performed by the state in its sovereign capacity.
○ Right to immunity for state representatives acting in their official capacity.
○ Right to respect for the life and property of the state’s nationals and officials
abroad.
● “Legal equality” implies that formally speaking, no member of the international
community can be placed at a disadvantage—all must be on the same footing.
● “A dwarf is as much a man as a giant; likewise, a small republic is no less a sovereign state
than the most powerful kingdom.”
2. Non-intervention in the internal or external affairs of other states
a. Prohibition on the threat or use of force
● The prohibition of the threat or use of force first laid down in the UN Charter. After 1945,
this ban gradually transformed into a general rule of international law
b. Peaceful settlement of disputes
● Logical corollary of the ban on the use of force
● States are obligated in good faith to try to resolve their disputes peacefully, using the
various means/ procedures available (negotiation, arbitration, judicial mechanisms, etc.)
c. Respect for Human Rights
● Newer principle that’s gained strength over the last 40-50 yrs.; no state really challenges
this concept that human rights must be respected.
● Poses a challenge, a little bit at odds with traditional principles of sovereignty and non-
interference.
● Over time, a general principle has gradually emerged prohibiting gross and large-scale
violations of basic human rights and fundamental freedoms.
● States now generally accept the idea that massive infringements of basic human rights
are really bad and make the offending state accountable to the whole international
community; while in contrast, isolated and sporadic instances of violation are not
necessarily of general international concern.
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