Samenvatting
Summary Ecology (NWI-BP030)
- Instelling
- Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)
Summary of the lectures, lecture slides and tutorials of Ecology with graphs, drawings and diagrams.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 18 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 18 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Ecology summaryL1 What is ecology?
Ecology = relationship of organism with its environment
- Distribution and abundance of species
- Interactions between organisms
- Flux of energy and matter
Speciation:
1. Allopatric phase = subpopulations get geographically isolated
2. Reproductive isolation
3. Sympatric phase = subpopulations remeet, natural selection occurs and favours one feature
Allopatric speciation = via geo isolation
Sympatric speciation = via differences in one population at the same site
Proximate explanation = how does it happen
Ultimate explanation = for what purpose (why) does it happen
L2 conditions and resources
Conditions = physiochemical features of the environment
organisms can influence conditions, but don’t consume them
Resources = offered by environment, consumed to grow and reproduce, biotic or abiotic
Photoperiod = length of the period of daylight per daycycle, stimulus for growth/development
Winter: short photoperiod -> suspended development + low metabolic activity = diapause
Spring: increase of photoperiod -> increased development (larva to pop)
Fall: decrease of photoperiod -> increased development (egg to larva)
Ectotherm = can’t regulate own temp, are dependent on environmental temp
Endotherm = can regulate own temp/produce heat -> can also have a low temp/hibernate (mainly
birds/mammals)
Resources for autotrophs (= plants):
- Energy in solar radiation
- Atmospheric CO2
- Minerals in the soil
- Water + dissolved anions
Solar radiation: every plant needs light -> photosynthesis
Too much isn’t great, but doable -> photoinhibition of photosynthesis
Leaf shade = green shade, plants grow better in leaf shade than normal shade
Water:
Avoiders = short life spawn, photosynthetic activity concentrated to periods with water availability
-> desert plants, annual weeds, crops
Tolerators = have long living leaves that transpire slowly -> keep water
,Photosynthetic pathways:
- C3; most plants
- C4; more efficient in CO2 use, and thus water use (best at hot + dry areas)
- CAM; open stomata only at night to absorb CO 2, photosynthesis at daytime
Nutrients:
Mostly N (NO3 NH4) and P (PO4)
Root systems specialise for soil/water availability
Heterotrophs (= herbivores, predators, parasites, scavengers/omnivores)
Different animals have same body composition, different plant (parts) have different composition
-> specialization in herbivores
Defense against predation: specialization + coevolution
- Crypsis = camouflage
- Mimicry = looking like predator
- Aposematism = looking conspicuous, are poisonous
Intraspecific competition = between individuals from the same species
- Interference = fighting for resources; territorial behaviour
o Animals: noise, fight, mark
o Plants = grow wide roots, high branches
- Exploitation = using same resources
Ecological niche = summary of organisms tolerances/needs to live -> where organism lives in habitat
L3 Populations
Natality = fecundity = births (+ population size)
Mortality = deaths (- population size)
Unitary organisms = have predictable development, individuals look the same
Modular organisms = non predictable development, individuals don’t look the same
Counting individuals:
- Counting modules -> physiological individuals
- Molecular techniques -> genetic individuals
Life cycles:
- Iteroparous life cycle = repeated reproduction over life time
- Semelparous life cycle = reproduce only once, followed by death
, Survivorship curves:
Type 1 type 2 type 3
Few offspring x many offspring
Low rate of juvenile loss constant death over aging high loss of juveniles
Mammals birds, small mammals, reptiles fish, invertebrates
Cohort = individuals born around the same time
Cohort life table= survivorship of the members of the cohort over time
Static life table = number of survivors of different ages at one time period
Tutorial 1
Intraspecific competition
K = carrying capacity = max population density
Exponential growth: when no “danger” and uncrowded population,
growth by intrinsic rate of natural increase = r
logistic growth: after logarithmic growth, when population is dense
tutorial 2
Life history = pattern of growth and reproduction over the life time of an organism, result of
evolution
Trade-off: Limited amount of energy; either grow or reproduce, reproduction is costly
r-environment = resource rich, short-lived, colonize quickly and exploit resources
K-environment = crowded populations, persistent, grow instead of reproduce, favouring survival
L4 Communities
Interspecific competition = individual from species A suffers in any way because of exploitation of
resources or interference by individuals from species B
Monoculture = species grows alone, reaches steady population density
Mixture = multiple species grow together
- = one species survives
- = competors can coexist
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper lisavddries. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 67866 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen