100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na betaling Zowel online als in PDF Je zit nergens aan vast
logo-home
1.8 Summary, by cum laude student - Human Learning €10,49   In winkelwagen

Samenvatting

1.8 Summary, by cum laude student - Human Learning

 102 keer bekeken  4 keer verkocht

An in-depth summary of course 1.8 Human Learning, written by a cum laude student. My summaries helped me achieve a mark of 9.2 on the 1.8 exam. I hope it will help you as well! Good luck studying!

Voorbeeld 4 van de 35  pagina's

  • 31 mei 2021
  • 35
  • 2019/2020
  • Samenvatting
Alle documenten voor dit vak (28)
avatar-seller
florianmaiser
1.8 Educational Psychology
Problem 1: Memory
Learning goals:

Part A:

1) What are the definitions of the concepts and what is the theory behind them?

2) What is cognitive load and how is it related to memory?

Part B:

1) What can teachers do to make sure that students will remember the material?

 Memory: process of saving information for period of time with emphasis on ability to recall
 Storage: putting new information in memory
 Encoding: changing form of the information
 Retrieval: find information previously stored
 Decay: input fades away


Dual-store model by Atkinson




two-way arrow because storing info in long-term memory requires connection of old
knowledge with new information
- Cognitive learning that describes processing, storage and retrieval of knowledge in the mind

Sensory Register
 Receives large amounts of information from senses and holds it for very short time
 Implications: people must pay attention to information to retain it

, 3 factors:
1. Capacity= very large intake of info.
2. Forms of storage= holds info. in the same way it arrived, e.g. visual stored as visual info.
3. Duration= very brief, visual input: under 1 seconds (some exceptions), auditory input: up to 2
sec (loud noises longer)
Moving information to working memory: The role of attention
 important for moving information from sensory register to working memory
 limited resource, active focus on stimuli while ignoring others
 Influenced by: emotion, motion, size, intensity, novelty, incongruity (objects that dont make
sense in their context, e.g. I walk my tomato, social cues, personal significance
 Figure-ground phenomenon: ability to attend only to one figure at the time
 Cocktail party phenomenon: seemingly attending to one conversation, but listening to another



Short-term or working memory
 Storage system that can hold limited amount of information for up to 30 seconds can be
overwhelmed if too much/difficult information
 Interference= new info can “bump out” older information
 Working memory= place where cognitive processing takes place
 Information enters working memory from sensory registers or from long-term memory
 Capacity= magical number 7 (5 to 9 bits of info.), others say 3-5, more in auditory form
- Rehearsal= repetition can improve retention
- Chunking= combine small bits into bigger bits of information
 Central executive= controls and monitors the flow and use of information throughout memory
system
- does cognitive activities like focusing attention, reasoning, comprehension
- “head of the head”
 Visual spatial sketchpad= component of working memory responsible for processing visual and
spatial info
 Phonological loop= repeating same auditory stimuli, can keep small auditory info. fresh through
repetition
 Episodic buffer= "place" where multiple inputs can be processed and pieced together for an
overall understanding of situation

Control processes in working memory:
 Organization= longer retention of info due to organizing
- e.g chunking or giving a melody to numbers or giving them meaning
 Retrieval= retrieval depends on how much info is stored in working memory, automatic scan of
whole LTM
 Maintenance rehearsal= keeping info alive in working memory by repeating it
- e.g. repeating phone number over and over again upper limit to how many items can be kept
active in work mem


Long-term memory
 Storage= Large amounts of information can be stored for long periods of time

, Episodic/sequential memory= images of personal experiences, organized by when and where
events happened
 Semantic/declarative knowledge= how things are/were/will be
 procedural knowledge= how to do things, (implicit) but when asked how to cycle it becomes
declarative
 Explicit memory= knowledge that can be recalled and consciously considered
 Implicit memory= knowledge we are not conscious of recalling but influences our behavior and
awareness
 Encoding= process memories, e.g. by chunking to store in long-term memory
 Interconnectedness= bits of information similar to each other are grouped and interconnected




Duration= Information stored for indefinitely long



Alternative models of memory
 Levels of processing by Craik=
- memory through "central processor" of information (limited capacity)
- storage depends on how deeply things get processed (different levels)
- e.g simply remembering two words (levels)
1. repeating two words
2. putting them into a sentence
3. asking questions about the relationship of the two words
- "Intention of learning" important but depth of processing more when it comes to
successfully remembering
- Hence why Incidental learning (learning smt without specific intent to learn, just by deeper
processing) can be just as effective as intentive learning

 Activation model=
- All information stored in memory is either in active (working memory) or inactive (long-term
memory) state
- Environment can trigger/activate info stored in LTM transfer into working memory so it is
active
- Unconscious info is majority, becomes active when triggered

, - Priming= if one idea gets triggered it triggers associated concepts in memory e.g waffle --) ice
cream, summer etc.

Cognitive Load Theory
 Mental resources, mostly working memory, required to perform particular task - cognitive
capacity is limited
 Schemas= putting information into a concept, e.g. driving a car, speaking a language
 Automated schemas= "run" automatically, are in long-term memory and don´t require much
working memory
- vital for learning because automated schemas free up space in the working memory
 The imagination effect= mental rehearsal (imagining things), aid for understanding
- students who imagine a concept perform better than peers who just studied material
- better learning because imagining forces working memory to process info more -- leads to
better retention in LTM
 Element interactivity= the more two items are connected the higher the cognitive load
- E.g. grammar of a language (putting words in order) vs simply using unconnected words
- E.g. understanding the relation of X to other variables in an equation
- High lvl of interaction= high level of cognitive load



Types of Loads:
 Intrinsic load= (task-related), individual load that task essential task content puts on learner,
power to process task properly
- Number of elements + element interactivity= determine load
- lower for expert than for novice (expert has more knowledge in LTM and better schemas)
 Extraneous load= (instruction-related), negative
- Bad/complicated instructions can place avoidable extraneous load on learner
- good instructions save the learner "headspace"
 Germane load= positive, load of integrating new knowledge with existing (working memory –
LTM)
- Desirable and should be encouraged by instructional design
 if instructions poorly = increases extraneous load, takes away capacity for germane load
 if done correctly= extraneous load reduced, germane load increased



 The expertise reversal effect= CLT formats/instructions become less effective if learner already
has knowledge /expertise on the content
- unnecessary instructions can have a negative or neutral effect on "experts"
 Motivation: learning also depends on individuals motivation how useful contents are
perceived as, self-efficacy, and effort towards task




Teaching strategies to help students learn

Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.

Focus op de essentie

Focus op de essentie

Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper florianmaiser. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €10,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 67096 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Start met verkopen
€10,49  4x  verkocht
  • (0)
  Kopen