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All lecture notes Globalization II
- Instelling
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
All lecture notes Globalization II (SS4S)
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Globalization IILecture notes
Lecture 1: Human Development, Capabilities, Welfare and Wellbeing
What is human development
- main concept of our course this period
- linked to definition of human security
- main approach of United Nation’s Development Programme (UNDP) since1990s, especially
What is the human development approach?
- term also used by UNDP-concept by Habib ul-Haq
- Human development reports
- how do we measure wealth, how do we measure wealth of nations?
- By gross domestic/national product? This is what a nation produces per year. this is a
number like ‘xxx billion US dollar’
- GDP/GDP per capita - this is GNP/population
- GDP does not tell us how much wealth/income each individual has. GDP/GNP per capita
(per person) gives an average number by dividing the total GDP by population. Stil we do
not see what each individual has. So we need a new approach
What is the link between ‘hman development’ and ‘human security’?
- Remember definition of human security by the United Nations:
- It has three components
- Freedom from fear: phyisical integrity
- Freedom from want: ability to live life without having to fear that there will be food on
the table
- Freedom from indignity: ability to live a life in human dignity, by being able to enjoy
freedom from fear and want while preserving your human rights including freedom
of expression, political rights, etc.
Human development and welfare and wellbeing
- human development is mainly about freedom from want
- welfare: is basically about government policies that enable a health care system, pensions
for old age, an education system for all, etc
- policy that’s executed by government/ it is what they provide
- wellbeing is about happiness and life satisfaction
- more personal, not that much to do with finances, it has to do with belonging,
identity
Human development/quality of life
- what is the quality of life led in different parts of the world
- what do we mean by quality or happiness?
- incices, HDI, happiness index
- also named ‘capabilities approach’
- Martha nussbaum: creating capabilities
Human Development Index
- 3 main components
- life expectancy at birth, expected years of schooling, GDP per capita
1
, - result between o and 1
- thus, 0.9 is very good (norway, germany). 0,3 is poorest (Niger, CAR)
- World average is 0,7 (OECD is 0,8. developing countries 0,6
- life expectancy at birth in Western European countries is 82
- In Congo and Ghana it is 63 and 65, Nigeria 53
- In Niger mean years of schooling is 2 years, in Europe it is 12 and more
Gender Inequality Index
- Maternal mortality rate
- Adolescent birth rate
- Share of seats in parliament
Capabilities approach - Martha Nussbaum
- social market economy of Western EU during the Cold War, the duty of the state to provide
opportunities for people to health and education and old-age protection (pension)
- Enables comparisons of quality of life
- Focuses on choices presented to people, not having to work all the time or not having to
starve
- What is each person able to become?
- Pluralist about values to be upheld
- Recognizes personal (in)capabilities, not everybody is healthy, strong and equally clever
Functionings
- functionings is an active realizzation of one or more capabilities
- capability is the opportunity to choose freely to be healthy, well-educated or to be empoyed
- And a fucntioning is when you are helathy or educated or employed.
- important for capabilities approach is that you have the choice, and then as a functioning
you may as well choose not to live a healthy lifestyle, not to get an education or not to work
- creating capabilities is about creating these freedoms
Functionings and choice
- functioning should be free choice of realizing the capabilities and not being forced to do so.
Becausse in an authoritarian/communist system you may as well be forced to work. This
will then be a forced functioning
- but sometimes capability and dignity needs to be imposed by force: one cannot choose to
be a slave or to be humiliated or not to be respected, or to sell their organs
Human dignity
- A life in human dignity: 3rd aspect of human ssecurity. Protection of areas of life, which are
so central that their removal makes life not worthy of human dignity
- These are
- life, bodiliy health and integrity, senses,
- imagination and thought (freedom of expression)
- freedom to emotional devellopment (not being able to love because of fear
- play, afficiliation with society (non-discrimination)
- to have control over one’s environment like property rights,
- working rights
- political rights
- each person is an end in itself for these capabilities
2
, - capability security: people should be able to rely on the fact that they will be able to
have these capabilities in the future as well
Capabilities approach and the national choice
- each country has its own history and values,
- so the political choice to grant these capabilities may change from country to country to
their needs and sensitivities
Satisfaction approach
- importance of having a purpose in life and dignity
- expectations satisfaction: not feeling unsatisfied, due to lower expectations
- when you lower your expectations from life, you will be more easily satisfied
- but here the message is that you must be able to achieve satisfaction without having to
lower your expectations
- the approach on expectations satisfaction is to support the case that a person should be
able to satisfy their expectations from life without having to lower their expectations or
choose between them
Satisfaction approach-cont
- example: at times of war, a persons main expectation may be to stay alive the next day, or
at times of economic crisis, simply to still be employed the next week
- but for a life in dignity, this person should acually be able to make life plans, get an
education, plan for a career, plan for their children education etc
- so the satisfaction approach underlines the perspective that attention should also be paid to
what people are able to expect from the future or to have a purpose in life. Whether they
can have certain expectations from the future or not, and whether they will be able to feel
satisfied without having to lower their expectations
Lecture 2: Human Development, Democracy and Capabilities
Amartya Sen, Nobel winner
Development as freedom
- criticism of other development theories that basically prescribe suffering for the sake of
development: no leisure, no safety net of state support, advice: toughness and discipline
- development is about enhancing people’s ‘real freedoms’, ‘capabilities approach’
- agents of development is people themselves, not government. the greates wealth of a
nation is its people
Basic freedoms
being able to:
- avoid starvation and deprivation, undernourishment
- avoid premature (early) death
- freedoms associated with being literate - social opportunities like education and healthcare
- with education, learning and skills development people become creative and productive
(the human capital)
- political participation and uncensored speech
- protective security: making sure eventually nobody starves
- freedom is both the ends and the means of development
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