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Summary SLM10306 Land degradation and Remediation

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This is a summary based on the lectures and guest lectures given during the course Land Degradation and Remediation

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  • 25 juni 2021
  • 28
  • 2020/2021
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LAND DEGRADATION AND
REMEDIATION – SLM10306
LECTURE 1: TYPES OF LAND DEGRADATION

Soil: Upper layer of earth’s crust composed of mineral parts, organic substance, water, air and living matter.
Result from interactions between inherent nature of parent material, prevailing environmental conditions and
human activities

Land: Ecosystem comprising soil, landscape, terrain, vegetation, inland water, climate

Soil degradation (SD):

- Human-induced process reducing current and/or future capacity of soil to support human life
- SD is the deterioration of soil quality, or partial/entire loss of one or more functions of the soil

Soils form slowly but degrade quickly.

Land degradation (LD):

- Lowering current and/or future capability of soils to produce (quantitatively and/or qualitatively)
- Decrease/loss of economic and biological productivity and complexity of land
- Reduced capacity of land to provide ecosystem goods and services over time for its beneficiaries

Sustainable Land Management:




Classification of land degradation:

- Type
o Physical
 Erosion
 Sedimentation
 Compaction
 Crusting
 Surface sealing
o Chemical
 Salinization
 Soil pollution
 Nutrient depletion
 Acidification

, o Biological
 Reduction in biodiversity
 Loss of organic matter
 Loss of ecological components
 Quality and species composition change
o Hydrological
 Aridification
 Waterlogging
 Changes in quantity of surface water
 Changes in groundwater/aquifer level
- Degree or state
- Impact
o Decrease of productivity
o Biodiversity
o Water quality and quantity
o Human health
- Drivers
o Direct: poor land or crop management, deforestation, overgrazing
o Indirect: poverty, over- (or under) population,
o Legislation and policies, land tenure
- Trend or rate
- Extent

Sensitivity: How easy to degrade the land?

Resilience: How easy to restore the land?

LECTURE 2: PHYSICAL PROCESSES OF LAND DEGRADATION

Compaction: modifies pore volume and pore size distribution

- Causes: raindrop impact, tillage operations, wheel traffic, animal trampling
- Factors influencing compaction: soil type, soil wetness, weight of machinery
- Effects of compaction:
o few pores -> less infiltration and drainage in compacted layer -> more runoff and erosion
o Limitation to root growth -> lower yields
o Loss of aeration of soil -> effects on roots and soil biota

Crusting:

- Structural crust: surface layer of soil that is more compacted than material below
o Due to physical forces e.g. swelling and shrinking, animal trampling, machinery
- Depositional crust: when soil particles are deposited
- Biological crust: biological organisms bind the soil together (bacteria, fungi, algae)
- Effects of crusting:
o Reduction of infiltration rate -> increase runoff and erosion
o Seedbed: problems of germination
o Reduced air exchange between subsoil and atmosphere

Surface sealing:

, - Effects: less infiltration, more surface runoff, erosion and flooding

Desertification: not only the expansion of the desert!

- Causes: biophysical, natural, socio-economic, human induced

Fire effects:

- Diverse and complex
- Depends on:
o Fire behaviour, severity and frequency
o Fuel characteristics
o Nature of terrain
o Soil characteristics
- Directs effects:
o Removal of vegetation and litter
o Changing soil properties -> alter the hydrological response of soils
o Loss of nutrients during burning
- Indirect effects:
o Reduce rainfall interception, storage, transpiration, infiltration capacity -> overland flow
o Reduce structural stability -> increase erodibility
o Leaching of nutrients
o Water repellency
o Increase vulnerability to erosion and flooding

Basic principles of erosion

Erosion: unsteady, non-uniform
Areal: rain splash, interrill/sheet, wind erosion
Concentrated: rills, gullies, streams
Detachment -> transport -> deposition

Transport: function of transport capacity and sediment availability

LECTURE 3: CHEMICAL LAND DEGRADATION AND REMEDIATION

Contamination says that wrong chemicals are in the system. Pollution suggests that there is a risk.

Non-point pollution happens everywhere in the area of interest. Point source pollution is located in specific
places. Easy to identify, monitor and regulate.

Standards Netherlands:

- Orienting investigation: is something wrong?
- Closer investigation (if values may be of concern): is intervention needed?
- Intervention value/remediation investigation: how to remediate?
- Reference or background values for metals are depended on humus and clay content of the soil.
(standard: L (clay) = 25%, O/H (hummus) = 10%)

PHYSIO-CHEMICAL PROCESSES RELATED TO DEGRADATION AND REMEDIATION

Speciation:

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