Samenvatting
AAIS - Samenvatting Accounting & information systems deel
Summary of 21 pages for the course Auditing and Accounting Information Systems at UVT
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 21 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 21 pagina's
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Chapter 1: Introduction to accounting information systemsIntroduction
The Occupational Outlook Handbook suggests that technology improves information available for all
decision makers. The ability to automate controls means that the data should be more reliable, a
benefit for the entire organization. Accountants with technology skills are using computers to reduce
the mundane part of their work, which allows them to be more efficient in their work. This efficiency
means these accountants have time to do more interesting work and at the same time be more
valuable for their employers.
The textbook’s three themes
Enterprise systems integrate the business process and information from all of an organization’s
functional areas.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are software packages that can be used for the core
systems necessary to support enterprise systems. Accountants have to understand these systems
because they will be members of the teams that will install and operate systems in their
organizations.to install an enterprise system, the business process of an organization must be
understood and documented. A major part of the installation project is configuring the
enterprise system to tailor it to the business process. Users must understand these systems and
be able to install, use and audit them.
E-Business is the application of electronic networks to undertake business processes between
individuals and organizations. These processes include interaction between back-office (internal)
processes and front-office (external) processes. Accountants should be aware of the
opportunities and risks associated with this new way of doing business.
Internal control is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding achieving
objectives in the following categories: efficiency and effectiveness of operations, reliability of
reporting and compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
Beyond debits and credits
Controls have been put in place to protect the consumer, merchant and credit card company.
Knowledge of traditional accounting concepts is not enough to succeed in today’s business
environment; the underlying technology is a critical part of any accountant’s job.
Legal issues impacting accountants
Inherent in the work of accountants and therefore in the study of accounting and information
systems, is the compliance with laws and regulations. One such law, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002,
has dramatically changed the daily work of many financial accountants, auditors and many others as
well. (page 5-7)
Challenges and opportunities for the accountant
Historically, the accountant has performed an attest function to determine the reliability of financial
information presented in printed financial statements. This role is expanding to include the following:
non-financial information, use of information technology to create or summarize information from
databases and information interpretation to determine the quality and relevance of information to
be used for decision making.
Components of the study of AIS
There are 10 elements central to the study of AIS.
o Technology; the ability to plan and manage business operations depends partly on knowledge of
the technology available.
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,o Databases; The full accounting cycle includes data collection and storage and these aspects must
become part of the knowledge base. There are a variety of databases, both private and public;
the quantity and type of data available in these databases; and methods of retrieving those data.
o Reporting; to design reports generated by an information system, the accountant must know
what outputs are required or are desirable.
o Control; the means by which we make sure the intended actually happens.
o Business operations; many AIS inputs are prepared by operation departments and many AIS
outputs are used to manage these operations.
o Events processing; data about events like sales and purchases must be captured and recorded to
mirror and monitor the business operations.
o Management decision making; the information used for a decision must be tailored to the type
of decision under consideration. It is more useful if it recognizes the personal management styles
and preferences of the decision maker (intelligent systems).
o Systems development and operation; the information systems must be designed, implemented
and effectively operated.
o Communications; to present the results of their endeavors effectively, accountants must possess
strong oral and written communication skills.
o Accounting and auditing principles; to design and operate the accounting system, an accountant
must know the proper accounting procedures and must understand the audits to which the
accounting information will be subjected.
What is an Accounting Information System (AIS)?
Systems and subsystems
A system is a set of interdependent elements that together accomplish specific objectives. A system
must have organization, interrelationships, integration and central objectives. A single system is
often called system 1.0. Each part of a system is known as a subsystem. Within limits, any subsystem
can be further divided into subsystems. You can depict this in a hierarchical organization structure
too.
A system’s central objectives depend on its type – natural, biological or man-made (government,
school, business organization) – and on the particular system. There is not always consensus over
how to meet an objective. Business organizations usually have more straightforward purposes that
are normally related to the “bottom line”: you must know a business organization’s objectives to
understand that business as a system and to understand the actions and interactions of that
business’s subsystems.
The information system (IS)
An information system (IS) is a man-made system that generally consists of an integrated set of
computer-based components and manual components established to collect, store and manage data
and to provide output information to users. The functional components of an IS are input –
processing – (storage) – output – users ..
The IS facilitates these operational functions and supports management decision making by providing
information that managers can use to plan and control the activities of the firm.
The Accounting Information System (AIS)
The IS used might have components designed specifically for the organizational function being
supported. However, integrated IS processing, such as that in an enterprise system, has allowed the
distinctions among these separate systems to become blurred. So historically, an IS incorporated a
separate accounting information system (AIS), which is a specialized subsystem of the IS. The
purpose of this separate AIS was to collect, process and report information related to the financial
aspects of business events. However, given the integrated nature of IS today, seldom is an AIS
distinguished separately from the IS. The AIS components are called AIS business processes or AIS
subsystems.
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, Logical components of a business process
There are three logical components of a business process.
The information process is that portion of the overall IS related to a particular business process.
The operations process is a man-made system consisting of the people, equipment, organization,
policies and procedures whose objective is to accomplish the work of the organization.
(production, personnel, marketing & sales, accounting, finance, warehousing and distribution)
The management process is a man-made system consisting of the people, authority,
organization, policies and procedures whose objective is to plan and control the operations of
the organization. (planning, controlling and decision making)
Management uses of information
An IS serves two important functions within an organization. First, the IS mirrors and monitors
actions in the operations system by processing, recording and reporting business events. The second
major function of the IS is to support managerial activities, including management decision making.
Managers need to monitor current operations to keep their “ship” on course. They also use
information to help measure and report results for their stakeholders. Finally managers use the IS to
recognize and adapt in a timely manner to trends in the organization’s environment.
Data versus information
Information is data presented in a form that is useful in a decision-making activity. The information
has value to the decision maker because it reduces uncertainty and increases knowledge about a
particular area of concern.
Data are facts or figures in raw form. Data represent the measurements or observations of objects
and events. To become useful to a decision maker, data must be transformed into information.
Data – transformation – (database) – information ..
Qualities of information
To provide output useful for assisting managers and other users of information, an IS must collect
data and convert them into information that possesses important qualities. Qualities of information (
effectiveness, efficiency, confidentiality, integrity, availability, compliance and reliability) can help an
organization achieve its business objectives. There is also a hierarchy of these qualities.
o The effectiveness of information must be evaluated in relation to the purpose to be served –
decision making. Effective information is information that is useful for the decision is made. It’s a
function of the decisions to be made, the method of decision making to be used, the information
already possessed by the decision maker and the decision maker’s capacity to process
information.
o Understandability enables users to perceive the information’s significance. It is presented in a
form that permits its application by the user in the decision-making situation at hand.
(native/technical language)
o Information has relevance when it is capable of making a difference in a decision-making
situation by reducing uncertainty or increasing knowledge for that particular decision.
o Information that is available to a decision maker before it loses its capacity to influence a
decision has timeliness. Lack of timeliness can make information irrelevant.
o Predictive value and feedback value improve a decision maker’s capacity to predict, confirm or
correct earlier expectations.
o If there is a high degree of consensus about the information among independent measurers
using the same measurement methods, the information has verifiability.
(reliability of the measurement method)
o Neutrality or freedom from bias means that the information is objective. Bias is the tendency of
information to fall more often on one side than on the other.
(reliability of the person doing the measuring)
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