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Summary of all 7 lectures of criminal behavior during the life course
Summary of all 7 lectures of criminal behavior during the life course
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 20 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 20 pagina's
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Week 11.1: knowledge clip:
4 kinds of criminal careers dimensions:
1. Participation: those who join the criminal activities vs those who don’t. age of onset: the
start age of a criminal activity
2. Frequency: the rate of criminal activity. Lambda: the number of crimes a person does
3. Seriousness: minor vs serious crimes, like shop lifting vs murder. Is by this escalation
(increase of serious crimes) vs de escalation (de-increase serious crime)? Specialization:
someone who specialize to 1 kind of crime, instead of performing multiple different crimes
4. Duration: length of criminal career in time. Desistance (termination): the process of the end
of the criminal career
How can you measure criminal careers? Life history calendar: retrospective (kind of life review data0
data are used to collect the data. The purpose is the identify /focus on sequence and timing of events
to gets the visualization of relationships between trajectories, events and changes in behavior. By
example parents are divorces causes the criminal behavior.
1.2: lecture 1
Age crime curve
Fact: Adolescents and young adults commit a disproportionate amount of crime; this is common
across time and place. When people get older the crime rate decline.
In the us, youth age is 6% of pop, but hey commit 20% of the crime. 45+ is 32% pop, but 8% of the
crime.
Age crime curve: crime and age are plotted against each other to see which age group commits the
most crime
Hirschi: the age crime curve is irrelevant and invariant, because social contexts change, but the crime
curve doesn’t.
Why does the crime curve decline by age?
1. Changes in social roles and contexts
2. Socialization of the youth
3. Depends on the crime type
Not every crime type has the peak of age when people are young, some of them are later, like:
1. Wife and child offense
2. Fraud
3. Embezzlement
But also, a lot of kind of crimes peak at young age, like
1. Robbery
2. Burglary
3. Vandalism
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,But the deviation of the crime curve happens when its deviant different crime type occurs, like fraud,
you need more skills to do that. And at low age, its low reward high risk to vandalism, so when you
have more cognitive development, people don’t do that anymore
What does this tell?
1. How crime is distributed across a population according to the age of a population
2. How distribution varies by crime type or over time
3. Shared social behaviors over time
What not tell:
1. Ignores variation in the shape of the age crime
2. Gender differences: females have a flatter curve and are less involve
3. Early vs late starters
Criminological research:
Between individuals: research between people, why an individual commits crime and the other
doesn’t
Within individuals: in the most important for the life course. It examines the changes of behavior
over the life course, why does the behavior change?
Elders’ concepts and principles
Social pathways: the paths you walk into your life by social structures and institutions, like having the
privilege to go to university. They are the opportunity and the barriers you have. Drinking alcohol is
allow in NL at 18, in US at 21
Trajectories: sequence of events that connect each other by the life course of an individual
Transitions: part of trajectories, these are the changes in life, like going from high school to
university, or going to marriage
Turning points: kind of transitions, but it changes your behavior, with you hang out with and your
moral rules. This happens a lot when you change your job, because other you will lose it.
Age effects: the age effects your lifestyle
Period effects: how changes influence your behavior and opportunities right now
Cohort effect: how changes influence generations differently. Corona changes the experience of
youth on a different way than elderly people. So, another experience at generations
There are 4 core principles that describes your life course with life course research.
1. Socio-historical time and place: the social structures and historical context changes your life
course. Its when and where you are born
2. Human agency: the capacity to exercise control over your life by intentional choices and in
social constrain. If you have the opportunity for turning points, you van choose to do that. By
example choose a study for a personal choice. Its your choice and the decisions you make
that control your life. I can choose this path to that path, and you control that decision.
Nobody else control this.
3. Linked lives: people are linked together and that causes a network, that influence your
behavior
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, 4. Timing: the timing of events and choices changes your life course. When you have a child on
20, it sets another life course in motion than when you are 30.
2 other important concepts:
1. Cumulative continuity: events/actions have causal effects. Actions in the past have effects
for your future, like a snowball effect. Negative effects can stack up over time
2. Self selection: this are traits/disposition that explains behavior. All of the events can be
explained by a certain trait. Variation in traits means a variation in behavior.
Week 2: lecture theories part 1
General theories
There are multiple theoretical frameworks that can explain why people commits crime. There is no
single right theory. There are by example:
1. Biological theory: by example heredity explains criminal behavior
2. Low self control: socialization of parents and peers causes low self control that causes
criminal behavior
3. Development theories: cumulative trajectories explain why people commits crime
4. Formal and informal bonding’s: connection with groups and society explains
5. Social learning theory: learning criminal behavior from other peers
All these theories can clash or combine with each other
There are 3 major theoretical frameworks to explain why people commit crime
1. Static theory
2. Dynamic theory
3. Typological theory
1: Static perspective: this is the self-selection perspective: underlying traits of an individual explains
their behavior. They are stable during the life course. Its about population heterogeneity: people
have different behavior because of different traits
The variation in traits in individuals causes variation among the society of people.
To explain the criminal behavior, find the traits of the individual why they behave like that.
Gottfredson & Hirschi (1990): A General Theory of Crime: it said that you can explain crime behavior
if you find the certain traits that causes.
Theory of low self control: you can’t stop the traits during the life course. It can change a little, but
someone with higher self control will always be higher.
Low self control: impulsive, insensitive, physical (as opposed to mental), risk-taking, short-sighted
(don’t know the consequences.
How does this low self control occur?
It develops in early childhood to 7-9 years old. After that the self control is stable. The self control
(high or low) is developed by the parental socialization: correct behavior to the child while they grow
up.
Development heterogeneity: people act different because of their different development.
Any changes of criminal behavior are due to opportunity or ability to commit crime, like living in a
village doesn’t have the criminal attraction than a city. Or maybe you don’t have the strength to fight
someone.
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