Lecture 1: Introduction to the course
Marine vs terrestrial
Aqueous vs gaseous
Food availability
Sedentary animals
Filter feeding
Larval dispersal
Pressure
Animals need less energy for stable structures
Gas exchange & oxygen availability
pH
The marine system
important aspect: adaptation to change
Lecture 2: Marine biogeography & biodiversity
Physical environment
- Population & community level
- Adaptation to change
Marine biodiversity => shaped by genes, species, ecosystems
, - Highest biodiversity in coral triangle (Indonesia)
Basic concepts
Footprint of climate change
Affects genes to biomes (almost everything)
Response: marine species shift their distribution to track optimal conditions
Biogeography => study of distribution of biodiversity over space & time
Aim: reveal where organisms live, at what abundance & why
Smalls scale processes + coarser scale patterns
Multidisciplinary
- Uses history to meteorology
Famous biogeographers: Darwin & Wallace
- Geography & natural selection as agents of evolutionary change
Approaches
Species distributions
Marine ecoregions of the world (MEOW) => biogeographic classification of world’s coast &
shelves
- Areas of relatively homogenous species composition, clearly distinct from adjacent
systems
- Tool for planning & assessing conservation
High species richness in coral triangle (Australia & Indonesia)
- Coral distributions & mangroves
- High priority for marine biodiversity protection
Abiotic factors affecting species distributions
Temperature (sea surface temperature = SST)
Ocean currents
Depth diversity (habitat heterogeneity)
- Benthic (bottom) & pelagic zone (open sea)
,Role of historical events
Geological history
Geology & biological evolution are inseparable
- Currently: Holocene
Glacial maxima & interglacials
- Coral triangle during last glacial max (LGM) more land
- Sea level changes
Coral triangle during LGM
- Extinction of species on continental shelves
- Ocean basins more isolated due to low sea level
- Increased turbid & hyposaline conditions additional habitat
loss stenohaline species
Continental drift
- Break up of Pangea 200 mya
- Drift to today’s position 65 mya – now
- Vicariance => distribution pattern common to several groups
Caused by geographical barriers sequence of speciation events
- Earthquakes around major lithospheric plates
- Many plates in coral triangle
Hopping hotspots
Shifting diversity distribution of larger benthic foraminiferal genera
- Centre of marine mega diversity moved over time (fossils & molecular evidence)
Hotspots in time coincided with major collision between continental tectonic plates
- Shallow warm seas, many islands & bays ideal for new species
- Tectonics modulate distribution of sea floors
- Hotspots explained by plate tectonics & climate change
Mechanistic model:
- Habitat driven diversification & dispersal current biodiversity pattern (coral & fish)
Lecture 3: Traits and interactions in the marine realm
Traits => features & capabilities that animals possess
Mostly at individual & population level
Morphological (structure)
Mostly at community level
Types
1. Competition => animals have to share resources (chemical ecology)
2. Trophic => predator-prey (food web ecology)
3. Symbiosis => mutualism(++), commensalism(+=), parasitism(+-), competition (--)
Food web ecology
Top down control => apex predators control food pyramid
- Predator effects on lower trophic levels
Bottom up control => nutrients control food pyramid
- Effects of nutrient inputs
Trophic cascade => effect of removing 1 type of animal (e.g. apex predators) that cascades
through food web
- Fisheries can effect whole food web ecology
Benthic pelagic coupling => relationship between pelagic & benthic food production
- Sponge loop: dissolved organic matter (DOM) excreted by plankton & fish (pelagic) taken
up by sponges (benthic) convert DOM into cellular material that is good food source
(pelagic)
- Filter feeders: benthic animals eating pelagic products
Symbiosis
Mutualism => both animals benefit
- Trapezia crabs on coral
Commensalism => one animal benefits, other is unaffected
- Barnacles on whales
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper michouweimar. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €3,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.