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Introduction CAOS 1CAOS-B1010 2020/2021 PER1
Dr. Luuk van Kempen & Prof.dr. Toon van Meijl
6 EC
Objectives:
• You can define and elaborate basic concepts of cultural anthropology and development
studies, especially the key concepts of culture and development.
• You can outline the historical development of cultural anthropology and development
studies since they originated in the nineteenth century.
• You can summarize and explain central questions and insights of the main domains of
cultural anthropology and development studies, including economic anthropology, the
anthropology of religion, the anthropology of kinship and social organization, political
and legal anthropology, and the domain of development thinking.
• You can reproduce central aspects of most relevant theoretical schools in cultural
anthropology and development studies.
• You can explain the continuing relevance of most relevant theoretical schools in cultural
anthropology and development studies for the interpretation of contemporary problems
and questions in the Global North and the Global South.
• You can apply elementary insights of cultural anthropology and development studies to
contemporary debates about major socio-cultural, political and economic problems in the
Global South and the Global North.
We only have to know the names and time periods of their life of the people mentioned in the
powerpoints.
1
,Contents
ANTHROPOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 3
LECTURE 2: CULTURE, COMPARISON AND CONTEXT .................................................................................. 3
LECTURE 4: HISTORY, THEORY AND METHOD IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY ................................................ 8
LECTURE 6: SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, PERSON AND SOCIETY...................................................................... 14
LECTURE 8: KINSHIP, DESCENT, MARRIAGE AND GENDER ........................................................................ 20
LECTURE 10: POLITICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ............................................................................................. 28
LECTURE 12: ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY ........................................................................................... 33
LECTURE 14: RELIGION AND RITUAL .................................................................................................... 38
DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................................................................... 45
LECTURE 3: KEY CONCEPTS & INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT .................................................................. 45
LECTURE 5: PARADIGMS OF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY: STATE AND/OR MARKET?........................................ 51
LECTURE 7: ‘DEEP’ DRIVERS OF DEVELOPMENT: DECIPHERING ITS DNA .................................................... 56
LECTURE 9: UNLOCKING DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL: FROM VICIOUS TO VIRTUOUS CYCLES............................ 61
LECTURE 11: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: WHAT WORKS?................................................................ 65
LECTURE 13: DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS OF GLOBAL INTERACTION: CAN TRADE BE FAIR?................................ 70
LECTURE 15: DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS OF GLOBAL INTERACTION II: IS TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION PRO-POOR?
.................................................................................................................................................... 75
EXERCISES ............................................................................................................................. 78
LECTURE 1: WAT IS DEVELOPMENT? ................................................................................................... 78
LECTURE 3: CONCEPTS AND INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT...................................................................... 79
LECTURE 5: PARADIGMS OF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: STATE VS. MARKET ................................................ 87
LECTURE 7: ‘DEEP’ DRIVERS OF DEVELOPMENT: DECIPHERING ITS DNA ...................................................... 94
LECTURE 9: UNLOCKING THE POTENTIAL OF DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................100
LECTURE 11: FOREIGN AID ..............................................................................................................106
LECTURE 13: TRADE & GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS ...................................................................................110
LECTURE 13: TRADE & GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS (CONTINUED) ................................................................ 112
LECTURE 15: TECHNOLOGY .............................................................................................................115
2
,Anthropology
Lecture 2: Culture, comparison and context
03/09
What is culture?
- It is difficult to define culture: “what do we share as Dutch people?” – this is essential to
define culture.
- A core definition of culture:
o Tylor: “Culture… that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts,
morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
member of society.”
▪ So: we learn culture when we grow up. This is enculturation.
- Enculturation: the process by which a child learns his or her culture
- Culture differences for everyone. For example, our definition of being Dutch is different
for everyone, yet we all agree we’re Dutch.
- Culture omvat dus veelal de normen en waarden in een maatschappij, maar het omvat
ook als het ware ‘hobby’s’ die mensen hebben.
- Culture is by definition an ambiguous concept: it’s definitions may vary because there
are so many differences between, but also within cultures.
- Culture is complex and therefore it very hard to define.
You can describe culture by key words:
Culture is: learned
- Culture is learned (Clifford Geertz): culture is transmitted through symbols. Culture is
learned through direct instruction and observation.
- Enculturation: the process by which a child learns his/her culture
- A person also learns through symbols:
o You ‘learn’ culture by growing up. Human cultural learning depends on the
uniquely developed human capacity to use symbols. Symbols: signs that have no
necessary or natural connection with the things for which they stand.
- Culture is not something you’re born with. As you grow up you learn about the culture
you live in.
Culture is: symbolic
- A symbol is something you pick up from movement. Symbolic thought is unique and
crucial to cultural learning. You only understand a symbol because you’ve grown up with
it.
o Symbols: signs that have no necessary or natural connection with the things for
which they stand
o Je kan zelf goed weten waar een symbool voor staat door naar de context te
kijken: zo heeft ‘rood’ verschillende betekenissen: voor stieren roept het agressie
op, maar voor mensen (onder andere) liefde.
3
, - Human cultural learning depends on the uniquely developed human capacity to use
symbols
- Clifford Geertz: culture is ideas based on cultural learning and symbols
o Culture is learned through direct instruction and observation
- Anthropologists in the 19th century argued for a “psychic unity of man”
o Groups and individuals vary in emotional and intellectual tendencies
- Symbolic thought is unique and crucial to cultural learning
o Verbal and nonverbal symbols
▪ Association between symbols and symbolized is arbitrary and
conventional
▪ Chimpanzees and gorillas have rudimentary cultural abilities
▪ No animal has elaborated cultural abilities to extent of Homo sapiens
Culture is: shared
- Culture is located in and transmitted through groups
o Shared beliefs, values, memories, and expectations link people who grow up in
the same culture
o Enculturation unifies people by providing common experiences
Culture is: nature
- Culture takes natural biological urges and teaches us to express them in particular ways
o Our culture—and cultural changes—affect the ways in which we perceive nature,
human nature, and “the natural”
o For example: pain. Pain is natural and the expression of it is cultural. People from
different countries experience the same type of pain when they get hit, yet they
express it in different ways (hebben verschillende manieren van ‘au’ zeggen: we
say “au”, Germans say “auwa” and Americans say “auch”)
Culture is all-encompassing → including or covering everything or everyone.
4
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