Inhoudsopgave
Problem 1: Schengen..................................................................................................................................... 2
The legal framework of Schengen........................................................................................................................3
Schengen rules on (internal and external) border checks in the Schengen area..................................................5
Temporary reintroduction of border controls at internal borders.......................................................................9
Problem 2: Refugee protection..................................................................................................................... 11
The criteria for being considered a refugee: the Qualification Directive (QD) (2011/95/EU)............................13
The 4 elements of art. 2(d) QD:.....................................................................................................................13
Exclusion........................................................................................................................................................18
International protection needs arising sur place...........................................................................................18
Checklist (criteria)...............................................................................................................................................19
Subsidiary protection..........................................................................................................................................19
Qualification Directive(2011/95/EU): overview.................................................................................................20
Problem 3: Asylum application..................................................................................................................... 21
Rules for the conditions of people waiting for a decision on their application: The Reception Conditions
Directive (2013/33/EU).......................................................................................................................................21
Rules for who’s responsible for processing an asylum application: The Dublin-III Regulation (604/2013/EU). 24
The allocation criteria....................................................................................................................................25
Eurodac Regulation (603/2013/EU)...............................................................................................................28
Rules on the procedures of processing asylum applications: Procedures Directive (2013/32/EU)....................28
Basic principles and guarantees of the Procedures Directive.......................................................................30
Procedures at first instance...........................................................................................................................30
Can a transfer of one state to another of an asylum seeker, be blocked because of human rights conditions?
............................................................................................................................................................................32
The obligation to be a safe state...................................................................................................................32
Problem 4: Moving and residing in the EU.................................................................................................... 34
Free movement of EU citizens............................................................................................................................34
Rules for moving and residing in the EU: Citizens’ Directive 2004/38..........................................................35
Free movement of Third-Country Nationals: The Family Reunification Directive (2003/86/EC)........................40
Blue Card Directive.........................................................................................................................................42
Can TCN and EU-citizens apply for unemployment benefits?............................................................................42
Fundamental Status of Union Citizenship...........................................................................................................44
Problem 5: European Arrest Warrant........................................................................................................... 45
Mutual recognition.............................................................................................................................................47
When does the EAW apply? (scope)...................................................................................................................48
Refusal of execution of an EAW..........................................................................................................................50
Problem 6: EAW and fundamental rights...................................................................................................... 53
How are fundamental rights included within the legal framework of the EAW?..............................................53
Can an EAW be refused based on human/fundamental rights?........................................................................53
,Problem 7: Data Protection.......................................................................................................................... 56
Legal framework on data protection..................................................................................................................56
The General Data Protection Regulation............................................................................................................56
When and to whom does the GDPR (EU-rules on data protection) apply?..................................................57
Important principles of data protection........................................................................................................59
Data protection rights of individuals.............................................................................................................61
Transferring personal data to third countries....................................................................................................63
Safe third countries.......................................................................................................................................63
Consent..........................................................................................................................................................64
Collecting and processing personal data for criminal justice purposes.............................................................65
The data protection Directive for police and Criminal Justice Authorities...................................................65
Problem 8: EU Institutions............................................................................................................................ 66
Europol................................................................................................................................................................66
The Europol regulation..................................................................................................................................67
Eurojust...............................................................................................................................................................69
Eurojust (Regulation): Structure....................................................................................................................70
Eurojust (Regulation): tasks and objectives..................................................................................................71
Europol vs. Eurojust............................................................................................................................................71
Consequences of the facts that Eurojust and Europol were established through intergovernmental
cooperation....................................................................................................................................................72
Frontex................................................................................................................................................................72
Frontex: objectives and tasks........................................................................................................................73
Structure of Frontex......................................................................................................................................74
Problem 1: Schengen
,“Schengen” initially developed outside the European legal order: five Member States in
favour of further integration (France, Germany, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, and
Belgium) decided to do so in the framework of general international law by concluding
the Schengen Agreement in 1985.
The participating states were committed to abolishing intra-member state
border controls on persons and establishing a common system of external
border control on the entry of people into the Schengen area.
The Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement, signed by the five initial
participating States and also Spain and Portugal, further elaborated the objective of
abolishing internal border controls, and contained detailed provisions regarding the
accompanying measures. The latter consisted of rules on:
- the crossing of external borders;
- partial harmonization of visa policy;
- the rights of free circulation for non-EU nationals in the territory of the contracting
Parties;
- and the assignment of responsibility for the processing of asylum claims in their
territory.
In the course of the years several EU Member States joined Schengen (Italy, Greece,
Denmark, Austria, and Sweden), as did two non-Member States (Norway and Iceland).
Eventually, the Treaty of Amsterdam (1999) integrated the Schengen acquis (the
Convention and the subsequent decisions by the Executive Committee) in the EU legal
order, together with (formerly third pillar) EU policies with regard to immigration and
asylum.
- At Amsterdam, the rationale for integrating the Schengen acquis into the EU was
put forward as “enabling the EU to develop more rapidly into an area of
freedom, security and justice”.
The Schengen area is the largest free travel area in the world. It allows EU citizens, as
well as visitors, to move freely and goods and services to flow unhindered. Schengen is
one of the major achievements of European integration and the Commission is fully
committed to safeguard and preserve the free movement it ensures of persons.
The absence of internal border control constitutes the very essence of Schengen. In
an area without controls at internal borders, cross-border threats affecting public policy or
internal security of that area are a matter of common interest.
- The Schengen agreement was implemented in 1995 and it allows freedom of
movement between the countries which are signed up to it. 26 countries.
‘’The elimination of borders within the European Union signals recognition of the fact that
all the citizens of the participating states belong to the same space and share the same
identity’’.
Why are some members of the EU not part of the Schengen Area? -> Lack of mutual
trust, capacity, security infrastructure. Need to improve this to demonstrate that they can
be part of the Schengen area
Not every EU country is a Schengen country and not every Schengen country
is a EU country
The legal framework of Schengen
, According to Article 67 TFEU, the EU shall ensure the absence of border controls, and
frame a common policy on asylum, immigration and external border control.
The bulk of Schengen – measures dealing with the abolition of internal borders and so-
called flanking measures regarding visas, free movement by third-country nationals,
illegal migration, and (the management of) external border control – became based on
(parts of) Articles 77 and 79 TFEU.
- Article 77(1) TFEU gives the EU the competence to develop policies with regard to
the absence of internal borders controls, external border control, and the gradual
introduction of an integrated management system for external borders.
- Article 77(2) TFEU under subparagraphs (a) to (e) provides legal bases for
measures to be taken by the Parliament and Council in order to achieve these
policies
Primary legislation:
TEU
Art. 3(2): The Union shall offer its citizens an area of freedom, security and justice
without internal frontiers, in which the free movement of persons is ensured in
conjunction with appropriate measures with respect to external border controls,
asylum, immigration and the prevention and combating of crime.
TFEU
- Art. 20 + 21: Rights EU citizens.
- Art. 67(1): The Union shall constitute an area of freedom, security and justice with
respect for fundamental rights and the different legal systems and traditions of
the Member States.
- Art. 67 (2): It shall ensure the absence of internal border controls for persons and
shall frame a common policy on asylum, immigration and external border
control […]
- Art. 77(1): The Union shall develop a policy with a view to:
a) Ensuring the absence of any controls on persons, whatever their nationality,
when crossing internal borders;
b) Carrying out checks on persons and efficient monitoring of the crossing of
external borders;
c) The gradual introduction of an integrated management system for external
borders.
- Art. 77(2): For the purposes of (..) shall adopt measures concerning:
a) The common policy on visas and other short-stay residence permits;
b) The checks to which persons crossing external borders are subject;
c) The conditions under which third countries shall have the freedom to travel
within the Union for a short period;
d) Any measure necessary for the gradual establishment of an integrated
management system for external borders;
e) The absence of any controls on persons, whatever their nationality, when
crossing internal borders.
- Art. 79(1): The Union shall develop a common immigration policy aimed at
ensuring, at all stages, the efficient management of migration flows, fair
treatment of third-country nationals residing legally in Member States, and the
prevention of, and enhanced measures to combat, illegal immigration and
trafficking in human beings.
Secondary legislation: The Schengen Borders Code
The Schengen Borders Code (SBC) can be seen as the primary building block of the
Schengen acquis.
