Samenvatting
Samenvatting architecture and the city tentamen
samenvatting van alle lessen
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Architecture and the city0.What is architecture and the city?
Kostof
-rejection of the traditional way of organizing architectural history as a sequence of historical
styles by mean of their most important buildings
-architecture social and political act, building(s) setting for rituals of daily and public life.|
-L.Wirth city is a relatively large, dense and permanent settlement of socially
heterogenous individuals.
-Mumford city is a point of maximum concentration for the power and culture of a
community.
-Cities are places where a certain energized crowding of people takes place. settlement
density
-Cities come in clusters. A town never exists unaccompanied by other towns. (Bra udel: town
only exists as a town in relation to a form of life lower than its own)
-Cities are places that have some physical circumscription (material/symbolic)
-Cities are places where there is a specialized differentiation of work and where wealth is not
equally distributed among the citizens social hierarchies/heterogeneity
-Cities are places favored by a source of income-trade, intensive agriculture and the
possibility of surplus food, physical resource, geomorphic resource, human resource.
-Cities are places that must rely on written records
-Cities are places that are intimately engaged with their countryside, provide food, services
and protection
-Cities are place distinguished by some kind of monumental definition
-Cities are places made up of buildings and people
(-cities are family member)
Aristoteles
City is a place where you come to live the good life.
Architecture is very complex discipline (activity guided by rules and knowledge). It provides a
place to dwell, work and play. There is no single correct formula for determining the perfect
layout of a house, or another type of building. Architecture is both art and science, because
of the diverse forms architecture can take and the need for it to function in specific ways.
While designing, architects must continually move back and forth between the creative act of
architecture and the technical understanding of how a building is built. (Francis D.K. Ching)
Architecture is the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing
buildings and other physical structures.
Nikolas Pevsner
Architecture applies only to buildings designed with a view to aesthetic appeal. A bicycle
shed is a building, no architecture.
Paul Shepheard
Architecture, the discipline of making buildings, is sort of like making landscapes, which take
a long time to develop, which can accommodate many uses and which transform as you
occupy them and it is also sort of like making machines, which usually have only one use,
which you throw away when they break and which have a very short production time in a
factory. Architecture is
, - landscape that contains our hopes and fears
- the art of the land
- about things being invisible but still having character.
Architecture is more than one thing.
Vitruvius
Architects need to have a very wide knowledge base; architecture is made up of various
disciplines and various forms of knowledge. Architecture consist of buildings, machines and
time pieces. Architecture was the first thing people communicated about together.
A. Vaillant
The building is a mechanical instrument, a machine constructed for some service.
Thomas Graham Jackson
Architecture is the poetry of construction, it is based on building, but it is something more
than building as poetry is something more than prose.
Le Corbusier
Architecture is a game of experts. Correctly played, a magnificent game of volumes
assembled under the light. Architecture goes beyond utilitarian needs. You employ stone,
wood and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces. That is
construction. Architecture must move us in some way.
Ivor Smith
Why does Ivor Smith chose the Glasgow School of Art for the
prelude to his inquiry into the nature of architecture?
- Firstly, it is not a building that immediately hits you in
the eye, it does not have the ‘wow’ factor.. It is a
building you have to carefully observe rather than
casually look at. I got to know the Glasgow School of
Art over the years when I was an examiner at the
School of Architecture, and as I delved more and more
deeply I discovered new, intriguing and poetic aspects.
- Secondly, it is a unique building and is rightly regarded
not only as the high point of Art Nouveau in Britain but
also as the genesis of modem architecture. He was
interested to consider it not in terms of style or history,
but to discover the way the Glasgow School of Art
embodies aspects that are fundamental to architecture
as a whole and the way they relate together.
The Library is unique not only in the Glasgow School of Art but also within architecture as a
whole. It is a square room that occupies the whole of one floor of the west wing. Its total
height is similar to that of the first floor studios, and it is divided vertically into three levels
with a balcony at the first level and a store at the top. The main part of the Library is below
the store and only rises to its full height by the windows. The Library combines an ingenious
unadorned timber structure with delicately crafted detail.
The Glasgow School of Art encapsulates the essence of architecture in its many parts. At
the most basic level it is fit for its purpose, it works, but in a way far beyond what was
required in the brief. As Denys Lasdun has said “It is not the job of the architect to give
people what they want, rather it is to give people what they never dreamed they could have”.
The Art School is full of meaning; nowhere else in one building is the difference between the
everyday and the special so clearly expressed.
1.Drawing and describing (chapter 8+13)
,Michiel Riedijk
The drawing. The architect’s raison d’être.
Concept is a word together with its meaning with which we try to understand some
relationship between us and our environment. A word or description (in words and/or image)
with which we try illustrate the essence of what it is we want to produce (build) with our
design. A concept will then be analyzable on the basis of all the evaluation criteria of good
architecture.
Sketch – any drawing made by hand without the help of tools other than a pencil.
Parti – sketch with which we try to visualize the design concept against which all our design
decisions need to be tested. (concept sketch, very basic)
Diagram – schematic representation of information organized in some way
Drawing – container word for all sorts of kinds of drawings.
Matthew Frederick
Always design a thing by considering it in its next larger context. (Situation drawing- Gordon
Cullen, Town Scapes, Alto villa mareira)
Abstraction = reduction, unclear relationship with observable realitzy
Pull away information
Idea arrived through reasoning, not through observation
- Glambattista Nolli -> made one of the most important maps of Rome (public and
private)
Section Tadao Ando, Azuma House. To get from one side of the house to the other you
have to cross the courtyard. Not much windows.
Isometric – represent 3D on a 2D field.
Axonometric – x,y,z-axis all 120 degrees (Theo van Doesburg, Contra-Construction)
Render – finished presentation drawing
Alison and Peter Smithsons’ drawing of street in the air for Robin Hood Gardens in London.
They used Marilyn Monroe and her then Husban to convince the client how hip their design
would be.
Detail – cutting out a section of important constructions
Edwin Zwakman – makes model – makes photograph – destroys the model
Layering is a graphic mode of both analysis and synthesis. It allows us to quickly see
patterns and study relationships (first foundation, then visual shapes, sketches and detailed
work).
Changing scale: we stimulate our design thinking by working at various scales and levels of
abstraction. The scale of drawings establishes which aspect or features we can attend to
and likewise those we must ignore.
Poché is a line-and-tone or pure tone drawing, where the cut walls, columns and other solids
are colored.
2.Elements of the city: paths, nodes, district, edges and landmark
, Kevin Lynch
Book ‘The image of the city’ based on research – letting people draw and describe cities.
This resulted in a few essential characteristics (urban elements); paths, nodes, districts,
edges, landmarks.
Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially
moves. Along these paths the other environmental elements are arranged and related.
– Pilgrim’s city of Vezelay, France; path that pilgrims take to the church. Along the path
shops and inns arose to accommodate and profit from the pilgrims on their way.
Ploughed up airfield, Ghindel Libya to prevent another army for using it.
Bruce Chatwyn, The Pacific Highway cutting through the Nazca Lines
Node are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are
the intensive foci to and from which he is traveling. – where people cross each other’s paths
Districts are the medium-to-large sections of the city, conceived of as having 2d extent,
which the observer mentally enters inside of, and which are recognizable as having some
common, identifying character.
– neighborhoods, that is, areas that are circumscribed by some edge and characterized by
the streets and landmarks it contains. (fine-grained/coarse-grained district)
Edges are the linear elements not used or considered as paths by the observer. They are
boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in continuity. Barriers which close one region
off from another.
– Vincenzo Scamozzi, Palma Nova, 1593. Coevorden. Unclear edges are called the fringe
belt. As the city expands the fringe belts are incorporated into the city and are developed,
changing their character. Clear edges are walls (Rem Koolhaas, Zenghelis & Vriesendorp,
Exoclus. The voluntary Prisoners gated communities, rich elite want to live inside the
walls)
Landmarks are another type of point-reference, but in this case the observer does not enter
within them, they are external. They are usually a rather simply defined physical object.
3.Elements of the city: lot and block
The plot, lot or burgage is the most basic legal unit in the city. It stands for a piece of land
owned by an owner.
Andrea Palladio
Villa Rotonda (Vicenza). The view was equally beautiful in all directions, so he decide to
build a house with four fronts.
Kengo Kuma
Made diagrams where he isolates each thing that he is analyzing, for example trees,
windows, rooms etcetera.
The burgage plot = plot size is constant, houses on it are changing
Some plot (sizes) are hundreds of years old
- They remain longer than the houses on it
Double House (Utrecht, Bjarne Mastenbroek & MVRDV)High so it won’t take in too much
of the plot, the houses were interdigitated, like praying hand. Wide panoramic view of the
park and big garden.
Cities were growing which led to suburbs. These suburbs were plots strung together in
various patterns, creating endless fields of sameness (America).
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