Samenvatting
Addiction - Week 2 Summary
- Vak
- Addiction
- Instelling
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
Summary of the Literature for Week 2 - Addiction
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 110 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 110 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
2 beoordelingen
Door: abarzizaoua • 1 maand geleden
Door: agnieszkakusal • 3 jaar geleden
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Week 2.1: Conditioning and CravingCh 3: Understanding Addictive Behavior as a
Learned Phenomenon
Introduction
One of the most dominant approaches – to the study and treatment of addictive behavior –
has conceptualized it as a process of learning
- Addictive Behavior – something that is learned – and therefore, can be unlearned
One of the key features of addictive behavior – individuals engaging in addictive behaviors –
seem to continue to do so even if they are experiencing obvious harms
Behaviorist Learning Theory
Behaviorist learning theory – is a useful approach for understanding addictive behavior
- In terms of (1) why it develops – and (2) why it is so hard for people to overcome
Two perspectives on addictive behavior:
(1) Learning Theory – suggest that behavior can be understood by examining the
rewards and punishments that people experience during their lives – in response to
things they do
- Over time – the world we live in manipulates our actions – such that we tend to
engage in behaviors that get us what we want – rewards – and avoid behaviors
that have negative outcomes for us – punishments
(2) Social Learning Theory – offers a more recent perspective on addictive behavior
- It tends to focus mostly on environmental causes of behavior – to include intra-
individual factors
Learning Theory
Operant Conditioning
,Based on the work of Skinner (1938) – operant conditioning is the process by which various
rewards and punishments increase or decrease the likelihood of an individual repeating a
certain action in the future
Rewards
Rewards – or reinforcements – can take two forms:
Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement – increases the probability of a behavior – by giving a reward
- The behavior leads to activation of the reward pathways
Operant conditioning – begins with a behavior that is rewarding for the individual in some
way
Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcement – takes the form of the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
- Rather than the presentation of a positive one
It increases the probability of a behavior – by removing discomfort
Example – in the addictive behavior filed – is that of withdrawal
(1) When an individual who is dependent upon a substance – and decides to quit it – they
will experience withdrawal
- This can manifest as – e.g., nausea, irritability, headaches, disturbed sleep, etc.
The individual may wish to remain abstinent – however the quickest way to remove the
uncomfortable symptoms – is to take the substance again
(1) This removal of a negative state by an action – is what is meant by negative
reinforcement
- And this can also increase the likelihood – that one will engage in this behavior
again in the future
Punishment
Operant conditioning – can involve punishment – this decreases the probability of a behavior
- As we will always attempt to avoid punishments
,The negative consequences of various addictive behaviors – are all examples of punishments
Contiguity
People learn better – when reinforcements or punishments – are contiguous with their actions
- Meaning that they are closely linked in time
Contiguity – can help in understanding why it is that strong punishments – associated with
addictive behaviors – often fail to stop the behavior recurring
The reinforcements – e.g., feeling of relaxation, getting high, alleviation of withdrawal
symptoms – for most addictive behaviors
- Are much more closely linked in time – to the addictive behavior
In comparison – the punishments and negative consequences – e.g., health issues, breakdown
of close relationships, onset of withdrawal symptoms
- Are not so closely linked in time
Routes of Administration
Different routes of administration – will affect how soon one feels the positive effects of
taking a drug
(1) Routes such as injecting or inhaling a drug – are more reinforcing than drugs taken
orally
- Because the behavior – i.e., administering the drug – and the reinforcement – i.e.,
the positive drug effect – are more contiguous
Classical Conditioning
From the work of Pavlov – classical conditioning – also referred to as Pavlovian
conditioning
- A process important in understanding addictive behavior – because it explains a
wide variety of behaviors and responses among individuals who are dependent on
a certain drug or behavior
The basis of classical conditioning – is that humans and animals learn to associate stimuli
that frequently co-occur together – contiguously
, - Irrespective of whether the stimuli are causally linked in any way
As a result – behaviors can occur in both useful – and not-so-useful situations
There are many things associated with addictive behaviors – that can come to be associated
with the actual engagement in the behavior and its effects
- Injecting drug users – will learn to associate the sight of a needle with drug use
Technical Terms – Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning – begins with an unconditioned response (UCR) – i.e., reflex already
elicited by a stimulus, such as salivating– to an unconditioned stimulus (US) – i.e., a
stimulus that can elicit the response – e.g., sight and smell of food
- We must then must find a neutral stimulus (NS) – that does NOT produce the
UCR or response – e.g., the sound of a bell
The NS is repeatedly presented with the US
(1) Once the NS is presented in the absence of the US – and a response – the salivation –
is produced
- A conditioned response (CR) – e.g., salivation – has been produced – to a namely
conditioned stimulus (CS) – e.g., the sound of a bell – i.e., the neutral stimulus
becomes the conditioned stimulus after repeated pairings
Lastly – extinction:
(1) Repeatedly presenting the CS alone – until the CS ceases to elicit a response
- When the CS continually fails to elicit the CR
Conditioned Drug Responses
If a person has been using drugs consistently – for a long period of time – termination of self-
administration can be a long and painful process
(1) During the period of drug use – many cues in the environment – such as people,
places, and even emotional states, etc. – have become associated with drug use – via
the principles of classical conditioning
- As a result – when returning to those environments – drug cues can create (1)
craving – and (2) the urge to want to use the drug
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper galinajimberry. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 83637 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen