Case uitwerking
Case 1 Back to a pre-historic lifestyle
- Instelling
- Maastricht University (UM)
Case van 10 pagina's voor het vak BGZ2004 Food for Life aan de UM
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 10 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 10 pagina's
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Door: r0bin18 • 9 jaar geleden
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
BGZ2004Problem 1 – Back to a pre-historic lifestyle
1. What are macronutrients and what are micronutrients?
Macronutrients are the substances that provide most energy for the human body.
They are subdivided in:
- Carbohydrates 4 kCal/g
- Lipids 9 kCal/g
- Proteins 4 kCal/g
Micronutrients also are important for the body, but less for energy. Needed in
relatively small amounts. They are subdivided in:
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water
Zie college!
Organic nutrients: contain carbon carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins
Inorganic nutrients: do not contain carbon minerals, water
Essential nutrients: for example vitamins, calcium, iron and other minerals, some
of the amino acids and fatty acids.
2. How do macronutrients influence the diseases like diabetes,
cardiovascular diseases? (Glycemic index, the characteristics,
differences between storage, energy value)
Chronic health issues associated with diet include:
- Cardiovascular disease
- Hypertension
- Obesity
- Type 2 diabetes
- Osteoporosis
Carbohydrates
They are built up from carbondioxide and water.
- Atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen combine to form a carbohydrate
(sugar) molecule (CHO).
- We classify them as:
o Monosaccharides;
they are the basic
unit of carbohydrates.
They can be triose,
pentose or hexose.
They vary from 3 to 6
carbon atoms. Their
general formula:
(CH2O)n
Glucose
found in all
cellular tissues
Fructose
fruits and
honey, into
blood and liver
, Galactose found in milk, but nut free. does not exist in
nature; combines with glucose to form milk sugar in the
mammary glands. Body converts it to glucose for use in
energy metabolism.
Glucose (C6H12O6) is built up in the liver from carbon residues of other
compounds or enters the body through digestion. Each carbon atom has four
bonding sites that can link to other atoms
After absorption by the small intestine, glucose:
- Forms glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles
- Becomes available as an energy source for cellular metabolism
- Converts to fat (triacylglycerol) for later use as energy.
o Dissacharides; 2 sugar molecules
Maltose (glucose + glucose, joined by alpha bond): in beer,
breakfast cereals cleaves into two glucose molecules.
Sucrose ( glucose + fructose, joined by alpha bond): the most
common disaccharide in diet, in most foods that contain
carbohydrates
Lactose (glucose + galactose, joined by beta bond): a sugar
not found in plants
o Oligosaccharides; 2 – 10 monosaccharides bond chemically.
Raffinose; indigestible, made from galactose-glucose-fructose
Stachyrose; indigestible, made from galactose-galactose-
glucose-fructose
Found in beans and legumes
Bonds are hard to break, so they are passed into the
large intestine where bacteria break the bonds,
produce acids and gas.
o Polysaccharides; 3 – 1000 bond sugar molecules. They form during a
process of dehydration synthesis
Plant polysaccharides:
Starch: the storage form of carbohydrates in plants. 2
forms:
o Amylose: a long straight chain of glucose units
twisted into a helical coin
o Amylopectin: a highly branched monosaccharide
linkage (fig 1.2)
, The proportion of each form determines the characteristics; starches with big
amount of amylopectin digest and absorb rapidly, whereas starched with high
amylase hydrolyze at slower rate.
Starch is called complex carbohydrate; 50% of total intake of carbohydrates in
diet.
Fiber; non starch, structural polysaccharides
o Cellulose
Fibers resist chemical breakdown by human digestive enzymes. High fiber intake
would reduce obesity occurrence, insulin resistance, diabetes type 2,
inflammation etc. Western food contains too few fibers. Reccomendation: 25-50
gram daily, consumed is 12-15 gram daily.
Fibers retain water and thus give bulk to the food residues in the intestinal tract.
- Water soluble are the most effective for lowering cholesterol: pectin/ gum.
They slow food in the stomach (rate at which chime is released from the
stomach), slow the absorption of glucose and are fermented in the colon.
- Water insoluble: cellulose/ hemicelluloses/ lignin: do not lower cholesterol.
They do help to keep the fecal material moving.
Excessive fiber intake inhibits intestinal absorption of minerals (calcium,
phosphorus and iron).
Type 2 diabetes; when the pancreas cannot produce sufficient insulin to regulate
blood glucose, causing it to rise.
Glycogen: the storage carbohydrate within mammalian muscle and liver. It forms
a large polysaccharide polymer, synthesized from glucose in glucogenesis.
30.000 glucose molecules linked together. It has a complex structure, glycogen
synthesis requires energy: ATP en UTP.
A normal men storages about 500 g of carbohydrate.
- Muscle glycogen accounts for the largest reserve (400 g)
- Liver glycogen (90-110 g)
- Blood glucose (2-3 g)
Each gram of glucose/ glycogen contains 4 kCal.
The body stores comparatively little glycogen, its quantity fluctuates mostly
through diet. The maximum that can be stored is about 1000 g.
During exercise, intramuscular glycogen provides the major energy source for
active muscles, liver glycogen rapidly reconverts to glucose for release in the
blood. Glycogenolysis: reconversion of glycogen to glucose.
Insulin: elevated blood sugar causes the B cells to secrete additional insulin, this
is a feedback regulation. When blood sugar falls below normal, the pancreas alfa
cells secrete glucogon to normalize concentration of blood sugar.
Recommended intake of carbohydrates;
Between 40-50% of daily calorie intake. (This is about 300 grams)
Sources: fruits, grains, vegetables.
Role of carbohydrates in the body;
1. Energy source; once cells reach their maximum capacity for glycogen
storage, excess sugars are stored as fat. Stores are limited; 12-24 hours.
2. Protein sparer; when to less glucose is present, proteins will be
transformed into glucose
3. Metabolic primer/ prevents ketosis; components of carbohydrate
catabolism serve as primer substrate for fat oxidation. Without enough
glycogen depletion; incomplete fat breakdown: accumulation of ketone
bodies.
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