Tentamen (uitwerkingen)
Hormonen&homeostase tentamen 1
- Instelling
- Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Exam of 15 pages for the course Hormonen en Homeostase at UU
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 15 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 15 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
HC 1 + 2 22-04-2014Homeostatic fixed setpoints;
- pH
- Temperature
- Glucose levels in blood
- Ca2+ levels in blood
Variable setpoints;
- Ontogenisis (growth)
- Daily or seasonal cycles
o Day or night
o Ovarian cycles
o Migration, hibernation
To maintain homeostasis the endocrine system and nervous system work together.
Hormones regulate:
- Internal environment
- Growth and development
- Metabolism
- Reproduction
Hormone; produced by a gland not connected to the outside world. It is secreted into the
blood and performs physiologic or morphogenetic functions in the body, usually distant
from the site of production.
Endo: within
Krinein: to secrete
Logos: the study of
Endocrine glands:
- Pineal gland
melatonine
- Hypothalamus
releasing/inhibiting hormones
- Pituitary gland
o Frontal lobe
TSH, GH, ACTH, LH, FSH, PRL
o Intermediate lobe
MSH
o Neural lobe
ADH, oxytocin
- Thyroid gland
thyroid hormone, calcitocin
- Parathyroids
PTH
- Adrenal glands
o Cortex
aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
o Medulla
Adrenalin = epinephrine
- Pancreas
Insuline, Glucagon ….
- Ovaries/Testes
Reproductive hormones
,Endocrine cells and tissues
- Heart
Atrial natriuretic peptide
- Liver
angiotensinogen, insulin-like growth factor
- Stomach
Gasrtin
- Intestine
CCK, secretin, GLP-1, GIP
- Kidney
Erythropoietin, calciferol
- Skin
vitamin D3
- Adipose tissue
leptin, adiponectin
- Placenta
estrogen, progesterone, chorionic
gonadotropin, somatomammotropin.
- Several tissues
steroid production
Positive feedback example by hormones (picture):
- Does not lead to homeostasis
- Requires external interference to prevent
resonance catastrophe.
Membrane receptors;
- Lipophobic signal molecules mainly, also
some steroids.
- Vitamine A derivatives, some sex steroids,
peptides or catecholamines.
- G protein coupled
alfa-subunit binds to adenylate cyclase
converts ATP into cAMP activates PKA.
- Tyrosine kinase
o Steroids
Hormone binds receptor Chaperone released complex enters nucleus,
binds DNA transcription is activated.
o Thyroids
inactive hormone receptor already bound to DNA activated after binding
of thyroid hormone.
Intracellular receptors;
- Lipophilic signal molecules, diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to
cytosolic or nuclear receptors.
- Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones and calciferol (vitamine D derivative).
, HC 3 + 4
Hypothalamus:
- Derived from the bottem part of the diencephalon and upper part of stomodeum.
Rathke’s pouch is formed by a pouch from the roof of the mouth and a pouch
growing downwards from the brain, they grow together forms pituitary gland.
They are connected to each other by the pars tuberalis.
- Thirst, hunger, feelings (moods), temperature are measured and controlled here.
- Interface between neural system and endocrine system is formed by the neural-
endocrine neurons. Look just like neurons, only their axon ends on bloodvessels.
Two types:
o They make two different neural-hypothalamal hormones, axons run down
into the neural hypophysis where they contact capillairy bloodvessels.
Depending on the contents of the blood, they release the hormones.
Neurohypophysis is a neurohemo organ.
o Neuro endocrine neurons that produce releasing hormones or inhibiting
hormones responsible for regulating releasing hormones in the
adenohypophysis. These neurons end on capillary system where they
release their hormones.
Hypophysis / pituitary gland
- Pars distalis = adenohypophysis = posterior pituitary
Has six different celltypes to produce the 7 different hormones (LH and FSH are
produced by the same cells; gonadotropic cells).
- Pars nervosa = neurohypophysis = anterior pituitary
consists of mainly bloodvessels, axons and synapses filled with several types of
hormones from the hypothalamus.
- Pars intermedia in between
Hormone families of adenohypophysis
- POMC-derivatives (pro opio melano cortine)
o Derived from 1 gene, different splicing.
Expressed in the adenohypophysis ACTH production,
o ACTH has two byproducts: lipotropin, endofrin
o Expressed in pars intermedia MSH (melanocite stimulating hormone) is
produced, cleaved from ACTH.
- Glycoproteins
o LH, FSH and TSH
o α-unit is identical
o β-unit determines the biological specificity
- Somatomammotropins
o GH for postnatal growth
o PRL for milkproduction is mammals (behavior determined in non
mammals).
Hormone families of neurohypophysis
- Stores the hormones, they are made in the hypothalamus.
- Oxytocin
- Vasopressin
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper Clover. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €3,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 60904 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen