Samenvatting
Memory (MLE) FULL SUMMARY
- Instelling
- Universiteit Van Amsterdam (UvA)
The entire Memory part of the MLE course summarised
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 30 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 30 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Memory1. Introduction and neurobiology of memory
What is memory?
Old book on memory improvement: Rhetorica ad Herennium
- Method of Loci; walking around a room and placing memories there
for improvement of recollection.
Randolf Menzel: Bees have memory stages optimized for supporting their
efforts in finding flowers for honey; some kind of intermediate
“temporary” memory that lasts only a few days.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
- Founder of modern memory psychology
- “Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve”
Adolf Jost
- Jost’s Law: if 2 memory traces have equal retrieval probability, but
different ages, the older one will:
o Be forgotten more slowly than the younger one
o Benefit more from additional learning
Francis Bartlett
- Memory as a construction:
o Memories are complemented by known information; e.g., you
automatically complete an object when not being able to see
the whole thing, this is based on your knowledge of the object.
Lasley
- Neurobiologist who tried to find the memory storage in mice
- Cut different parts of cortex out after learning a maze; see which
mice can still do it
- Concluded that there is no specific place in the cortex, rather the
whole cortex combined is responsible for memory in mice
,Cognitive Psychology (> 1950’s)
- Influenced by emerging computer science
- RAM vs Hard Disk = STM vs LTM
- Memory is now viewed as carrier of information that is manipulated
during cognition
- Miller’s Law: we can retain 7 +/- 2 things in memory storage at the
same time
Atkinson and Shiffrin Model (1968)
- Sensory store,
- short-term/working store; maintenance rehearsal is necessary
- long-term store
Baddeley and Hitch added the “central executive”
Tulving (1985)
- Episodic memory (events in time, can “time travel” to them)
o “Experiences” that you “remember”
- Semantic memory (general knowledge)
o “knowledge” that you “know”
- Procedural memory (operations for executing tasks; e.g., know
how to tie your shoelaces)
Watson: fear experiment with baby; little Albert
- Used conditioning to make Albert afraid of objects that were first
neutral or even liked
- By means of presenting them combined with a loud bang
The Neurobiology of Memory
Donald Hebb: Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
- Repeated stimulation -> “fire together wire together”
- Firing together increase physical size of the synapse
- More vesicles and more receptors arise between these neurons
Hebbian Learning
- when something new is learned, neurons actually physically make a
new connection
o can be shown in real life with two-photon microscopy in mice
- Dendritic spines grow AND shrink over time; this is fairly random;
neural connections fluctuate like crazy!
o Even happens in a time period of only 15 minutes
, Hippocampus
- Essential for the formation of Episodic Memory
- Spatial memory in rats (John O’Keefe): different cells in
hippocampus have shown to respond selectively to specific locations
in space; “place cells”
o Moser and Moser showed that place cells are specific to
Hexagons on a larger map; meaning that if you put the rat in
a larger space, the place cell will fire again when it is
represented in the next hexagon.
o These hexagonal patterns in space are formed by “grid
cells”
o Not found as much in monkey and human brain
Morris Water Maze
- For testing learning and forgetting in rats
- Rat has to find an invisible platform in the water so that they can
stand and not drown
- When no change in the maze; rats learn to find the platform very
quickly
- Normal vs hippocampal lesion rats:
o At variable starting positions: hippocampal lesion rats cannot
learn the maze, normal rats can; gradually faster with trials
o At constant starting positions: hippocampal lesion rats DO
learn it, but it takes more trials to be as fast as normal rats
- In people: hippocampal lesions still allow for learning new
procedural memory things; like a new skill
o This is an unconscious kind of learning; they do not know they
learned it
Hippocampus and memory
- Old idea: hippocampus is specialized in spatial memory
- Alternative idea: hippocampus plays a role in remembering complex
associations
Parahippocampal Areas (around the
hippocampus)
- Essential for formation of complex
associations; e.g., objects and their context
- The Delayed Non-Matching-to-Sample
Task
o Monkey is presented with a key and
another object
o Food can be found under the key
o After delay, the food will always be
found under the OTHER object; the
food is thus associated with the non-
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper casoosterveld. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 67474 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen