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  3. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
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  5. Neuroscience

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Neuroscience - Lecture notes Exam 1

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Detailed lecture notes from the lectures for exam 1 in the minor Neuroscience. Useful as a replacement or refresher for the lectures when studying for the exam!

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  • 14 oktober 2021
  • 46
  • 2021/2022
  • College aantekeningen
  • Anton scheurink, jocelien olivier and gert-jan van dijk
  • Alle colleges

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Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Neuroscience

Introduction and history of Neuroscience - Ch. 1 & 2

Cerebrum = forebrain, biggest part

Cerebellum = hindbrain, smaller

Trepenation: Damaging the prefrontal cortex to let out bad spirits, kill/cure and treat

schizophrenia.

Smell = memory and emotion. These two are strongly connected.

There are species with two brains. This is called lateralization. For instance this is in

dolphins. This way they can sleep and function at the same time.


History

7000 BC → first case of skulls with holes. This was either a way to kill people or to treat

them for evil spirits. Later there were skulls with holes in the forehead to be enlightened.

Middle ages → trepanation. Skulls with holes for schizophrenia treatment.

Hippocrates (430-379 BC): Hippocrates suggested a brain should have something to do

with monitoring senses & thinking.

- correlation between structure and function

- eyes, ears, nose, tongue with connecting nerves: the brain is the organ of sensation,

because it is right back of the eyes/ears etc.

- site of intelligence




1

,Aristoteles (384- 322 BC): But Aristotles thought the heart had this function. The fluids were

important. He thought the brain was a fluid storage. Your brain was a cooling center for the

heart. A big head gave more support to the heart, so this would make your smarter.

- the heart is the intellectual center!

- the brain serves to cool the passions of the heart ratio is dependent on the maximal

cooling capacity

-

Mentalism: - the philosophical position that an immaterial mind is responsible for behavior

- mind / body problem (Dualism) → what is passion, what is love? Is the mind a

chemical pathway or does it also have these aspects?

130-200 AD → Galenus was working for the gladiators as a physician. He treated injuries

after they went into the arena. After seeing these patients he drew conclusions about the

function of the parts, based on their injuries.

Also, he did animal dissections, which was special. People thought humans and animals

were not comparable.

He said the big part of your brain is cognition and the small part was for muscle control. He

said this because the cerebellum is solid (so this hasn’t changed, was already there when

your born) and the cerebrum is soft (it changes, it is not filled up yet. So here the decisions

and memories are made). Observations were incorrect but outcome was correct.

Big holes in the brain (ventricles) functioned as a storage for spiritus animalis.

Because there was a taboo on dissection there was a period of 1500 years were there

barely were any developments in brain research.




2

,René Descartes (1649): Tried to solve the mind body problem by finding a place for your

soul. Pineal gland / pijnappelklier → Descartes said that was your soul. However, it has to

do with hormones.

1751 → Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity. After this nerves/neurons were also

discovered, because the brain generates electricity and people reacted to electrical

impulses.

So the tubes (nerves) werent transporting fluid, but electrical signals!

Johannes Muller found the function of the different nerves. For instance, he noticed the

optic nerves.

18th century: there are parts of the body represented on the brain → homunculus

Franz Joseph Gall: 1758-1828 → skull shape and size says something about your

functions/skills/problems. This guy from Austria got really famous for this. He made

atlasses on what part of your skull said what. Area 17 for instance stands for heimatliebe in

Austria/Germany. In America area 17 stands for patriotism. In France area 17 stands for

love for the wine.

19th century: phrenology continued. Cesara Lombrose defined the homo delinquens. If you

have a low forehead and an extended jaw, you have a criminal mind.

Now: still forms of phrenology, less often used.




Lobotomy = disconnecting the prefrontal cortex when people were schizophrenic,

homosexual, etc.




3

, Mr. Tan is a case where the function of Broca’s area was discovered. He could only say Tan.

Broca’s area is the area where speech is produced. Close to the motor cortex. THis is

were you make sentences.

Wernicke’s area: association area. He can speak fluently, but what he says is nonsense.

Language development.

Wernicke develops what you want to say, Broca makes you say it by producing words and

activating the motor cortex.

Glucose is the major substance utilized by the brain.

Microdialysis → taking out neurochemicals and see what happens.


Anatomy of the nervous system - Ch. 3

Afferent = Going to CNS, sensoric

Efferent = going to PNS, motoric

Parasympathisch en sympathetisch hebben een effect op dezelfde dingen (bijvoorbeeld de

pupil) maar het effect is afhankelijk van wel systeem het meest actief is.


Cranial nerves

Cranial nerves are the ones that start in the brain. We have 12.

Olfactory = smell, only afferent

Optic = sight, only afferent

Others are both afferent and efferen.t




4

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