Notes from all 12 lectures of this *new* course (Sep – Oct 2021) ** Cleanly organised & easy to follow! ** Topics included: Demography in the EU; Migration in the EU, Past and Current Developments; Epidemiological Research Designs & Measures of Association; Ageing, Health, SES and the EU; Bias in...
Lecture 1: Demography in the EU (Christel van Gool)
Demography:
• Seeking explanations for the patterns of variation in a population and causes of
changes
• Projecting future changes and analysing future consequences
Sources of data:
• Genealogies
• Cemetery data
• Church records
• Military records
• Censuses
• Population registers (more modern day)
Topics of study:
• Population size and distribution
• Mortality and morbidity
• Fertility and contraception
• Mobility and migration
• Population composition – age, gender, race, ethnicity
• Population characteristics – education, economic status, marital and family status,
living patterns
Demographic transition: A decrease of death rates followed by a period of a strong
decrease in birth rates
,Epidemiologic transition: Dominance of infectious diseases → Dominance of chronic
diseases
Both are related!
Life expectancy in the Netherlands has doubled in 150 years (1850 to 2000s) from 40yrs to
80+yrs. This is thanks to better hygiene (epidemics/pandemics), better nutrition
(quality/famine), and to a lesser extent interventions (antibiotics/vaccines)
The 4 stages of Epidemiologic transition:
We have seen a shift in mortality causes from infectious diseases and famine (18 th century)
to non-infectious diseases such as CVD and cancer (20th century). People live longer but not
necessarily healthier, just the types of morbidity has changed.
Future demographic trends:
• Population stabilisation in 2100
• 97% of future population growth occurs in Africa and Asia
• Birth rates in Europe below replacement level
• Ageing populations
• Migration (war, famine, and climate) → within Europe and to Europe
• Rapid urbanisation
,Did COVID-19 cause a baby boom? In Netherlands and Germany yes, but not in
France/Italy/Spain. Why? There is more income uncertainty in these countries and less
fertility treatments due to reduced hospital access during a pandemic.
, Lecture 2: Migration in the EU; Past and Current Developments (Dr.
Alena Kamenshchikova)
What is migration?
• A movement of people from one administrative territory to another
• External/internal
• Primarily driven by search for better opportunities (work/health/education/lifestyle)
and preferred lifestyle elsewhere
In history
• Colonialism in the 16th century
• Industrialisation (and subsequent urbanisation) from the 18th century
• World Wars: transformation of western Europe
• Decolonisation ending large-scale European emigration and European settlers
emigrating from Asia & Africa
• Recent decades: increased immigration to Europe
• 1960s: Turkey and Morocco immigrants to Western and Southern Europe
• 1989: Fall of Berlin Wall and immigration of Eastern Europeans to West for work
• Since 2000s: Immigration from Latin America and Asia to Europe
Terminology
• Migrants
• Expats
• Refugees
• Asylum seekers (still requesting refugee status not granted yet)
Migration terminology
• UN Definition: “An international migrant who changes his or her place of usual
residence for at least one year is defined as a long-term migrant”
• Less than 1 year but more than 3 months is a short-term migrant
• Less than 3 months is a traveller/tourist
• UN Definition: “A refugee is someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their
country or origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of
race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political
opinion”
Why do people migrate?
• Push & Pull factors
o Social (education, family)
o Economic (employment opportunities, accessibility of products/housing)
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