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Summary Week 4 Personality Disorders

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Personality Disorders (4.2C)

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Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)

Summary of the literature for Week 4 - Personality Disorders

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Week 4: Personality Disorders

Group Psychotherapy

Group Psychotherapy – a treatment modality in which one or more therapists treat multiple
clients together in a group

- Psychotherapy groups – may be specific to a particular theoretical orientation –
e.g., CBT, interpersonal therapy, or psychodynamic therapy

Theoretical Orientation Description

CBT  Groups apply cognitive behavioral principles to the group format
 Group focus is primarily on the individual – with some focus on
patient-to-patient interaction
Interpersonal Therapy  Focus on group member-to-member – or member-to-leader –
relationships
 Focus on how group members recreate maladaptive relationship
patterns with other group members and leaders – carried out in sig
relationships outside of therapy group
 Emphasize here-and-now member interactions within the context
of gaining insight into early childhood experiences and past
conflicts
Psychodynamic Therapy  The group process is utilized as the mechanism of change – by
exploring and examining relationships within the group
 Emphasize here-and-now interactions within group member and
leader relationships

More broadly defined – group therapy can be taken to include more general groups that focus
on a specific problem – rather than group processes and individual psychodynamics – such
as support groups, skills-training groups, and psychoeducational groups

Different types of psychotherapy groups – differ on the degree to which the group focuses on
process vs content

, Example – psychotherapy groups from an interpersonal/psychodynamic framework

- More likely to focus on process – i.e., how the information is communicated

More structured groups – such as psychoeducational groups

- Focus more on content – i.e., what is being discussed

Therapeutic Principles of Group Psychotherapy
There are 12 therapeutic principles – referred to as curative factors – based on self-report
measures

- These ensure a successful (1) group experience and (2) patient change

Principle Definition

Universality  The sense that no group member is alone in their ‘wretchedness’
 Includes a recognition of shared experience and feelings – ameliorates
members’ sense of isolation
Altruism  The sense of being able to help or give to another member
 Believed to facilitate self-esteem and interpersonal skills
Installation of Hope  Comes from members witnessing other members overcome a similar
problem to their own
Imparting Information  Members reported that the act of other members or leaders imparting
information – or factual knowledge – is sometimes experienced as
therapeutic
Corrective Recapitulation  Refers to the theory that group members come to experience other
of the Primary Family members and leaders as their own parents and/or siblings
 Members replay traumatic experiences from their family of origin within
the therapy group
 This recapitulation of early family experiences – believed to be corrective
when group members experience a different ending to an old pattern –
e.g., getting their needs met by group members in ways they did NOT in
early family experiences
Development of  Refers to group members trying out new interpersonal behaviors
Socializing Techniques  Refining their social skills within the safety of the therapy group
Imitative Behavior  Refers to group members learning new skills via modeling from other

, members
 E.g., new group members model the productive in-group behaviors of
other, more experienced members – such as self-disclosure and support
Cohesion  A member’s sense that they belong in the group and are accepted and
validated by the group
 Considered to be the primary therapeutic factor in group psychotherapy
 Cohesion has a strong positive relationship with patient improvement and
outcome
Existential Factors  Refer to group members taking responsibility for their own lives and
decisions
Catharsis  The experience of emotional release of distress to a supportive group
Interpersonal Learning  At the heart of Yalom’s model of group therapy
 Refers to group members’ achievement of greater self-awareness
 Receiving feedback from other members and leaders on how they are
perceived by others; how they make others feel; and how the group
member receiving feedback feels about themselves
Self-Understanding  Akin to insight
 Refers to group members gaining a better appreciation of how their
behaviors affect their interpersonal relationships

Development of a Psychotherapy Group

Underlying belief – the group becomes an entity in and of itself – a thing with properties of
its own

Example – all psychotherapy groups are theorized to follow certain developmental stages
that – if successfully negotiated – predict the success of the group

Successful groups – expected to (1) negotiate each developmental stage and (2) move on to
the next in a predictable fashion

- Whereas – unsuccessful groups become stuck in one particular stage

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