100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na betaling Zowel online als in PDF Je zit nergens aan vast
logo-home
Computer Programming Summary €7,49   In winkelwagen

Samenvatting

Computer Programming Summary

1 beoordeling
 61 keer bekeken  7 keer verkocht

Summary made of the zyBook written by Thilo Kielmann. It discusses the programming language C++. *Study material may differ in following years*

Voorbeeld 2 van de 14  pagina's

  • 22 oktober 2021
  • 14
  • 2020/2021
  • Samenvatting
Alle documenten voor dit vak (1)

1  beoordeling

review-writer-avatar

Door: federicosartorio • 1 jaar geleden

avatar-seller
syntryx
XB40011: Computer Programming
ZyBooks Academic Year 2020
INDEX

Chapter 8 : Introduction to C++ ........................................................................................................................1
Chapter 9 : Variables / assignments ..................................................................................................................2
Chapter 10 : Branches .......................................................................................................................................3
Chapter 11: Loops .............................................................................................................................................5
Chapter 12 : Array and Vectors .........................................................................................................................5
Chapter 13 : Streams .........................................................................................................................................6
Chapter 14 : Exceptions and Assertions ............................................................................................................7
Chapter 15 : User-Defined Functions ...............................................................................................................8
Chapter 16 : Recursion ....................................................................................................................................10
Chapter 17 : Objects and Classes ....................................................................................................................10
Chapter 18: Pointers ........................................................................................................................................12

Chapter 8 : Introduction to C++

➤8.1 Programming basics
• A program starts in main(){} and ‘return 0’ ends the program
• Each statement ends with a semicolon ‘;’
• Each variable must be initialized
• An input is commonly gotten from a users input on the keyboard or files.
• cin provides a standard input stream, this is followed by ‘>>’
• cout provides a standard output stream, this is followed by ‘<<’
• In order to output text you simply type the desired text in between double quotes “ ”
• The statement cout << endl starts a newline. The newline character ‘\n’ also puts out a new line
• For outputting multiple things you can split the items up with <<

➤8.2 Comments and whitespace
• Text the programmer adds to a code for a better understanding but ignored by the compiler.
• Single-line comment starts with ‘//’ followed by the desired text
• Multi-line comment (a.k.a. block comment) starts with ‘/*’ and ends with ‘*/’ with text in between
• Refers to blank spaces between items within a statement and blank lines between statements.
• It’s good practice to separate different parts of code with whitespace to make it more readable.
• Indent lines the same amount, align items and use a single space before and after operators.

➤8.3 Errors and warnings
• Syntax error/compile-time error: To violate a programming language's rules on how symbols can be
combined to create a program. A compiler generates a message when encountering such an error, telling
the programmer where and what is missing.
• But compiler error messages can be wrong, as it gives a best guess about the problem.
• Always focus on the first error first since this error could’ve caused the following errors.
• Logic error/bug: An error that is not picked up by the compiler since it’s technically correct but not in
such way the programmer meant. A warning indicates a possible logic error.
• -Wall will give the programmer more possible warnings, using this is considered good practice.

➤8.4 Computers and programs in general
• Bits are either 0’s or 1’s
• Back in the day people would connect switches to form circuits. Circuits called processors would process
instructions, which were stored in memory(a circuit that stores 0’s and 1’s).
• Instructions consists of 3 parts: location, what to do and where to store the result
• A sequence of instructions is called a program, application or app.
• High-level languages were created, allowing programmers to use ‘normal’ characters instead of just 0’s
and 1’s. Compilers would transfer this to executable programs(0’s and 1’s).





, Chapter 9 : Variables / assignments

➤9.1&9.2 Variables and assignments
• Variable: A named item used to hold a value.
• Assignment: Assigns a variable with a value, the variable keeps that value until it’s changed.
• Variable declaration: A statement that declares a new variable, specifying the its name and type.
• The processor writes the assigned value into the variable's memory location.
• Assignment statement: Assigns the variable with a value.
• You can also directly assign a value to a variable while declaring it.
• A common error is to read a variable before declaring it or writing the assignment in reverse.

➤9.3 Identifiers
• Identifier: A name created by a programmer for an item like a variable or function.
• An identifier must:
- Be a sequence of letters, underscores or digits
- Always begin with a letter or underscore
• It’s case sensitive and the identifier can’t have the same name as a reserved word/key word.
• It’s good practice to give it meaningful names and to minimize use of abbreviations.

➤9.4&9.5 Arithmetic expression
• Expression: A combination of items that evaluates to a value.
• A literal is a specific value. Operators are symbols with a built-in calculation function.
• The precedence rules of expressions work just like the math rules.
• It’s considered good practice to use spaces between the variables and operators.
• Compound operators are used as a shorthand way to update the variable. E.g. ‘+=’

➤9.7&9.8 Floating-point numbers (double)
• Type ‘double’ stores a floating-point number. A floating-point literal is a number with a fractional
part. It’s considered good practice to have a non-zero digit before the decimal point.
• The variable type should be chosen wisely, looking at which type you will use.
• Dividing a nonzero floating-point number by zero results in ‘inf’ or ‘-inf’ standing for infinity.
• If the numbers are both 0’s, the compiler will put out ‘nan’, since it’s not a number.
• Scientific notation is useful if the number is much bigger or much smaller than usual. It’s considered
good practice to have the leading digit to be non-zero.

➤9.9 Constant variables
• It’s good practice to minimize the use of literal numbers in code.
• Some variable are meant to be constant, so if you use the keyword ‘const’ the compiler will give an error
when the programmer wants to change the variable later.

➤9.10 Using math functions
• Standard math libraries like ‘cmath’ or ‘math.h’ allow the
programmer to use math functions.
• Such functions take arguments that appear in ().
• It’s common that an argument of a function call also has a
function call itself.
Commonly used math functions
➤9.11 Integer division and modulo
• When operands are integers, the division operator does not generate the fraction.
• For integer division, the second operand of / or % must never be 0, because division by 0 is
mathematically undefined it will cause an error.
• The modulo operator ‘%’ gives the remainder of an integer division.

➤9.12 Type conversions
• A type conversion changes one type to another. An automatic one is known as implicit conversion.
• For arithmetic operators both operands will become doubles. Whereas for assignments, the right side will
be converted to the type of the left side.

Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.

Focus op de essentie

Focus op de essentie

Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper syntryx. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €7,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 83637 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Start met verkopen
€7,49  7x  verkocht
  • (1)
  Kopen