100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na betaling Zowel online als in PDF Je zit nergens aan vast
logo-home
Summary of all lectures drugs for the Central Nervous System €9,49
In winkelwagen

Samenvatting

Summary of all lectures drugs for the Central Nervous System

1 beoordeling
 60 keer bekeken  2 keer verkocht

Summary of all lecture notes of drugs for the Central Nervous System

Voorbeeld 4 van de 124  pagina's

  • 27 oktober 2021
  • 124
  • 2020/2021
  • Samenvatting
Alle documenten voor dit vak (2)

1  beoordeling

review-writer-avatar

Door: twanvanderzee • 1 jaar geleden

avatar-seller
eliselammers
Drugs for the Central Nervous System
Lecture 1 – Introduction to CNS diseases and their therapies
Glutamate → most important excitatory neurotransmitter
GABA → inhibitory neurotransmitter

Mammal brain comparison → frontal and prefrontal cortex of human is developed during evolution
• Medical research → monkeys (more similar brain to human than mice or rat)

Main difference between monkey and human brain → communication and language

Surgical section → from the bottom
Frontal (or coronal) section → vertical in the middle
Transverse (or horizontal) section → horizontal in the middle

Body planes
• Radial symmetrically
• Bilateral symmetrically → if you do a cut, left and right are exactly the same

Sensory nerves → integration (brain) → motor neurons

Regions that are closer to the spinal cord → important for basal fundamental
functions of the organisms
Regions that are closer to the forebrain → important for decision making
• Becomes large in development

Human brain




Cerebral cortex
• Frontal → decision making
• Parietal → (somato)sensory
• Occipital → vision
• Temporal → hearing
o Hippocampus → learning and memory (short term, process called acquisition)
Retrieval → when you memorize something the day after (cortex and hippocampus
used)

,Sensory nerves → parietal lobe, somatosensory cortex → decision made → frontal lobe, motor
cortex → signal via motor nerves (efferent nerves) → muscle

Structures of the brain
1. Brainstem
2. Cerebellum
3. Thalamus
4. Cerebrum
5. Corpus collosum

1. Brainstem
Two main functions
1. Basic functions
2. Sensory/motor nerves
(filtering and routing information)

Consists of:
• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Midbrain

2. Cerebellum (“arbor vitae”)
Functions
1. Motor coordination
2. Motor memory
→ voluntary movements: when you are learning how to bike

Right part of the cerebellum communicates with:
• The right part of the spinal cord
• The left part of cortex

Right part of the cerebellum → posture, gait

Ataxia → cerebellum disfunction

3. Thalamus
Thalamus
• Sorts data
Hypothalamus
• Thermoregulation
Pituitary gland
• Hormonal activity (oxytocin, water balance)

4. Cerebrum
Integration of all the information.
• Triggers action or emotion

Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) → high resolution imaging of the anatomy of the
brain

, • White matter
• Grey matter → thickness is measured
o Cell bodies of neurons are located in here

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) → measures changes in the blood flow to different
parts of the brain
• Ipsilateral hemisphere: on same side
• Contralateral hemisphere: on opposite site

Language-based activity: women use both sides of their brain whereas men use only a single side.
This difference may reflect different strategies used for language processing.

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) → measurement of the water inside the brain
• Measurement of the integrity of the white matter (myelinated axons) and number of fibers
• Cortical spinal tract → sends signal to the muscle and controls movement

4. Cerebral cortex
Consists of five parts
• Frontal cortex (about 50%)
• Parietal cortex (somatosensoric)
• Occipital cortex (vision)
• Temporal cortex (smell, hearing, memory)
• Insular cortex (taste, visceral, feelings)
Six-layered sheet (about 5 mm thick)
• Processing units (mini-columns)
• Primary sensory (topographical)
• Association parts (relates info)
Total covers threequarters of brain.
Essential for consciousness (mind).

5. Corpus collosum
Connects the left and right hemisphere by fibers (white matter).

Right hemisphere → facial recognition
Left hemisphere → reasoning, logic

Brain areas that are involved in language → Broca’s (B), Geschwind’s (G), and Wernicke’s (W)
neocortical areas
• Broca’s (B) area is only in left hemisphere: speaking, language
produced
• Geschwind’s (G) area is in both hemispheres
• Wernicke’s (W) area is in both hemispheres: language
understood

6. Basal ganglia
Involuntary movements.

Diseases:
• Huntington disease
• Parkinson disease

, Consists of:
• Caudate
o Frontal part, nucleus accumbens: if it is activated
→ reward seeking behaviour, pleasure and addiction
• Putamen
• Internal capsule
→ form striatum

7. Midbrain – substantia nigra
Function: dopamine production

Darker part: substantia nigra, black neurons, contain melatonin

Disease:
• Parkinson disease → neurons are dying (produce dopamine)


Dopamine pathway: 4 pathways
• Nigrostriatal pathway
• Tubero-hypophyseal pathway
• Mesocortical pathway
• Mesolimbic pathway

Substantia nigra
Healthy Parkinson




8. Hippocampus
CA1, CA2, CA3 areas → learning and memory
In temporal lobe.

Hippocampus in Alzheimer’s disease

Hippocampus is reduced.




Hippocampus in ischemia

Loss of neurons.

Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.

Focus op de essentie

Focus op de essentie

Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper eliselammers. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €9,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 52510 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Start met verkopen
€9,49  2x  verkocht
  • (1)
In winkelwagen
Toegevoegd