11 DNA replication
DNA replication= process in which original DNA strands are used as template for the synthesis of new DNA strands.
11.1 Structural overview of DNA replication
Existing DNA strands act as templates for the synthesis of new strands
During replication: 2 complementary DNA strands come apart+ serve as template strands (parental strands)= DNA
strand used to synthesize a complementary strand of DNA/ RNA; synthesis of 2 new DNA strands.
To complete replication: covalent bond formed between the phosphate of 1 nucleotide+ the sugar of the
previous nucleotide-> resulting in 2 daughter strands= 2 newly made DNA strands (DNA replication).
Three different models were proposed to describe the net result of DNA
replication (fig 11.2)
3 different mechanisms proposed for DNA replication:
Conservative model (incorrect)= both parental strands stay together after DNA replication.
Original arrangement parental strands conserved+ 2 newly made daughter strands also remain together.
Semiconservative model (correct)= newly made dsDNA containing 1 parental strand+ 1 daughter strand
after replication.
Dispersive model (incorrect)= segments of parental+ daughter DNA are interspersed in both strands
following replication process.
Meselson+ Stahl: devised a method to experimentally distinguish newly made daughter strands from the original
parental strands (fig 11.3):
1. Grow E. coli in the presence of 15N (15NH4+; heavy isotope of nitrogen) for many generations.
Population of cells had heavy-labeled DNA.
2. Switch E. coli to medium containing only 14N (light isotope of nitrogen).
3. Collect sample of cells after various times.
4. Analyze the density of the DNA by centrifugation using a Cesium Chloride (CsCl) density gradient.
INTERPRETING THE DATA
After 1.0 generation, DNA is half-heavy; consistent with both semiconservative+ dispersive models.
After ~2 generations (1.9), DNA is light+ half-heavy; consistent with only the semi-conservative model.
Replication is semiconservative-> if it was dispersed, the heavy nitrogen would be even dispersed among
4 strands; each strand containing ¼ heavy+ ¾ light nitrogen.
11.2 Bacterial DNA replication: The formation of 2
replication forks at the origin of replication
Bacterial chromosomes contain a single origin of replication (fig 11.4)
Origin on replication= site on a chromosome; initiation site for DNA synthesis; begins within the origin.
Each bacterial chromosome has 1 origin of replication.
DNA synthesis proceeds bidirectionally= 2 replication forks move in opposite direction outward from the ori.
Replication forks eventually meet at the opposite side of the bacterial chromosome; ends replication.
Topoisomerase II= cleaves 2 strands; separates the 2 interconnected circles.
Replication Is initiated by the binding of DnaA protein to the origin of replication
(fig 11.5+11.6)
oriC (origin of Chromosomal replication)= origin of replication in E. coli-> 3 types of DNA sequences in oriC:
AT-rich region: 2 hydrogen bonds; easy to separate the double helix.
DnaA box= DNA sequence that serves as a recognition site for the binding of a DnaA protein.
GATC methylation sites: sequences that are methylated at the adenine.
Begin DNA replication:
1. DnaA proteins bind to DnaA boxes+ to each other.
DnaA protein= binds to a DnaA box at the origin of replication+ initiates DNA replication.
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper sammiexj. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €2,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.