McCormick European Union Politics 2020
Inhoudsopgave
McCormick ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1. Understanding Integration .............................................................................................................. 5
Key points ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
Discussion questions ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Key terms ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
Grand theory ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Integrative potential ...................................................................................................................................... 5
International organization ............................................................................................................................. 5
International relations & realism................................................................................................................... 6
Liberal intergovernmentalism ....................................................................................................................... 6
Nation ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
Nationalism.................................................................................................................................................... 6
Neofunctionalism & spillover ........................................................................................................................ 7
Regional integration association ................................................................................................................... 7
The state ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
Intergovernmentalism, Regional integration & Supranationalism ................................................................ 8
Westphalian system ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 2: What is the European Union? ......................................................................................................... 9
Key Points: .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Discussion questions ......................................................................................................................................... 10
Key terms .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Comparative politics & method ................................................................................................................... 10
Regime ......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Federation ................................................................................................................................................... 10
Unitary administration ................................................................................................................................ 10
Government & Governance......................................................................................................................... 11
Polity ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
Quasi-federation .......................................................................................................................................... 11
Confederation .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 12
Political system ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Institution .................................................................................................................................................... 12
Multilevel governance ................................................................................................................................. 12
Chapter 4: First steps (1944-58) ...................................................................................................................... 13
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Discussion questions ......................................................................................................................................... 13
Key terms .......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Marshall Plan ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Organization for European Economic Co-operation.................................................................................... 14
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ............................................................................................................. 14
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, European Movement ................................................................................................................................... 14
Council of Europe (1946-50) ........................................................................................................................ 14
European Coal and Steel Community (1950-52) ......................................................................................... 14
European Defense Community (EDC) .......................................................................................................... 14
Western European Union ............................................................................................................................ 15
European Political Community .................................................................................................................... 15
Suez crisis..................................................................................................................................................... 15
European Atomic Energy Community: ........................................................................................................ 15
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 16
Bretton Woods system ................................................................................................................................ 16
Cold War ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Single market ............................................................................................................................................... 16
Chapter 5: Building the Community (1958-95)................................................................................................ 18
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Empty chair crisis ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Luxembourg compromise ............................................................................................................................ 18
European Free Trade Association ................................................................................................................ 18
European Monetary System ........................................................................................................................ 19
Single European Act (SEA) ........................................................................................................................... 19
Schengen Agreement .................................................................................................................................. 19
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 19
Enlargement ................................................................................................................................................ 19
Economic and monetary union ................................................................................................................... 19
Euro sclerosis ............................................................................................................................................... 20
Chapter 6: From community to union (1989-2005) ......................................................................................... 21
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 21
Discussion questions ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 21
Intergovernmental conference.................................................................................................................... 21
Treaty on European Union .......................................................................................................................... 22
European Economic Area ............................................................................................................................ 22
Treaty of Amsterdam & enhanced cooperation .......................................................................................... 22
Treaty of Nice .............................................................................................................................................. 23
Lisbon Strategy ............................................................................................................................................ 23
Convergence criteria.................................................................................................................................... 23
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 23
European Political Cooperation EPC ............................................................................................................ 23
Acquis Communautaire ............................................................................................................................... 23
Permissive consensus .................................................................................................................................. 23
Enhanced cooperation................................................................................................................................. 24
Chapter 7: Crisis and opportunity (2004-present) ........................................................................................... 25
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 25
Discussion questions ......................................................................................................................................... 25
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 25
European Convention .................................................................................................................................. 25
Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe ............................................................................................. 25
Treaty of Lisbon ........................................................................................................................................... 26
Austerity ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
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, Brexit ........................................................................................................................................................... 26
Post functionalism ....................................................................................................................................... 26
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 27
Global financial crisis ................................................................................................................................... 27
Elitism .......................................................................................................................................................... 28
Populism ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
Chapter 8: The Treaties .................................................................................................................................. 29
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Treaty ........................................................................................................................................................... 29
Three pillars ................................................................................................................................................. 29
Accession agreement................................................................................................................................... 30
Opt-out ........................................................................................................................................................ 30
Charter of Fundamental Rights ................................................................................................................... 30
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) ......................................................................................... 30
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 30
Constitution ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Constitutionalization ................................................................................................................................... 30
Chapter 9: the Member States ....................................................................................................................... 31
1) Competence ....................................................................................................................................... 31
3) Subsidiarity......................................................................................................................................... 31
Chapter 10: The European Commission .......................................................................................................... 32
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 32
New institutionalism.................................................................................................................................... 32
Institution .................................................................................................................................................... 32
President of the Commission....................................................................................................................... 33
College of Commissioners ........................................................................................................................... 33
Cabinet......................................................................................................................................................... 33
Directorate-general DG ............................................................................................................................... 33
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
Executive...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Comitology................................................................................................................................................... 33
Chapter 11: The council of Ministers .............................................................................................................. 34
Key Points ......................................................................................................................................................... 35
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 35
Bicameral legislature ................................................................................................................................... 35
Coreper ........................................................................................................................................................ 35
Presidency of the Council of Ministers ........................................................................................................ 36
Trio system .................................................................................................................................................. 36
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 36
Legislative function ...................................................................................................................................... 36
Qualified majority vote ................................................................................................................................ 37
Chapter 12: The European Parliament ............................................................................................................ 38
Key Points ......................................................................................................................................................... 38
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 39
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, President of the EP ...................................................................................................................................... 39
Conference of Presidents ............................................................................................................................ 39
Member of the European Parliament ......................................................................................................... 39
Consultation procedure ............................................................................................................................... 39
Cooperation procedure ............................................................................................................................... 39
Ordinary legislative procedure .................................................................................................................... 40
Consent procedure ...................................................................................................................................... 40
European ombudsman ................................................................................................................................ 40
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 40
Check and balances ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Legislature ................................................................................................................................................... 40
Chapter 13: The European Council ................................................................................................................. 41
Key Points ......................................................................................................................................................... 42
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 42
Game of theory ............................................................................................................................................ 42
Head of government .................................................................................................................................... 42
Head of state ............................................................................................................................................... 43
Chapter 14: The European Court of Justice ECJ ............................................................................................... 44
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 44
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 44
Direct effect & supremacy of EU law ........................................................................................................... 44
Judge-rapporteurs ....................................................................................................................................... 44
Advocate-general ........................................................................................................................................ 44
General Court .............................................................................................................................................. 44
Preliminary rulings ....................................................................................................................................... 45
Direct actions ............................................................................................................................................... 45
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 45
Mutual recognition ...................................................................................................................................... 45
Constitutional court ..................................................................................................................................... 45
Judicial authority ......................................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 24: Environmental Policy .................................................................................................................. 47
Key points ......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Key Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................... 48
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,Chapter 1. Understanding Integration
Key points
• How we think about the EU and regional integration depends in large parts on how we think
about states and their changing role powers in the world since 1945
• Since WWII there has ben a growth in the number of international organizations set up to
promote cooperation among states, and based on the principles of communal management,
shared interests and voluntary cooperation
• Multiple theories have been developed to explain the motives that led to integration in
western Europe, and the dynamics of integration. The academic debate came to be
dominated by theories of international relations.
• Functionalists argue that the best way to achieve global peace is through the creation of
functionally specific interstate institutions, which bind states into a web of cooperation.
• Neofunctionalists argue that multiple actors play a role in integration, which is driven by a
process of spillover through which governments find themselves cooperating in a growing
range of policy areas
• Intergovernmentalists take the focus back to the deliberate and conscious decisions of
governments, and argue that the pace and nature of integration has been ultimately driven
by state governments pursuing state interests.
Discussion questions
1. Which features of a state apply also to the EU and which do not?
2. In what ways (if any) has the EU gone beyond being a conventional international
organization?
3. Are there any aspects of Mitrany’s idea about functionalism that continue to help us
understand the EU?
4. How far do realist and liberal ideas from international relations continue to shed light on the
dynamics of European integration?
Key terms
Grand theory
Grand theory: theory that explains ethe entirety of a phenomenon, which has so far been lacking in
efforts to explain and understand European integration.
Integrative potential
• Integrative potential: a measure of the extent to which states will be able to integrate
successfully, based on combination of economic and political factors.
International organization
The UN (HC in New York). Is both the expression of the key role played by states in global governance
and the ultimate expression of the desire to encourage cooperation through the work of
international organizations.
Since the end of WWII we have not only seen a growth in number of states, also growth of interstate
cooperation. Motives are:
- Promote peace, encourage trade, share ideas and resources, reduce duplication, address
shared problems such as illegal immigration, environmental decline, cross-border crime,
terrorism and financial regulation.
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, To make this more efficient, states create international organizations (IOs). Most of the IOs fall into
one of 2 major categories:
1. International nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): members are individuals or
representatives of private associations. Amnesty International, Greenpeace, International
Red Cross.
2. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs): members are states, goal is to promote cooperation
among state governments. United Nations, World Trade Organization (WTO), North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO), Council of Europe, Interpol.
o IGOs do not control territory, nor do they have much opportunity for independent
action (bc they are based on voluntary cooperation of their members who define
what IGOs can & can’t do).
o WTO is exception: its dispute resolution procedure allows members to use the WTO
to help resolve trade disputes.
International relations & realism
International relations: the study of relations among states, focusing on alliances, diplomacy, war and
peace, and the dynamics of decisions reached by states working together or in competition with each
other.
Realism: has long been the foundational theory in the study of IR. It’s a theory which argues that we
live in an anarchic global system (one without rules or an authority above the level of the state) and
that international relations are driven by a struggle for power among self-interested states.
Liberal intergovernmentalism
A theory combining elements of neofunctionalism and intergovernmentalism, arguing that
intergovernmental bargains are driven by pressures coming from the domestic level.
Nation
A community whose members identify with each other based on shared language, ancestry, history,
culture, territory, religion, myths and symbols.
• If a state is legal and political entity, then a nation is mainly a cultural entity. National identity
began to grow rapidly at about the time of the French Revolution, soon becoming the main
source of political legitimacy in Europe, and the glue that many governments used to extend
and define their power.
Nationalism
A belief in the value of preserving the identifying qualities of a nation and promoting its interests,
founded on self-determination.
• Pushed far enough, identification with nations my spawn nationalism.
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