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BTEC Applied Science Unit 2, Assignment D (FULL ASSIGNMENT)
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BTEC Applied Science Unit 2, Assignment C (FULL ASSIGNMENT)
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BTEC Applied Science Unit 2, Assignment B (FULL ASSIGNMENT)
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
D1 Justify which diagnostic imaging techniques is best for the patient.I will present a justification on the use of ionising and non-ionising methods and how they are
used in diagnosis and treatment. Both ionising and non-ionising techniques are used to
diagnose and treat diseases. Ionising radiation has higher power of radiation than non-
ionising radiation, which means it can carry enough energy to seperate bonds between
molecules and atoms. I will be using various case studies to find the best diagnostic and
treatment method for the patient.
Case Study 1
The consultant has organized a meeting with you and patient D, who is a 30 years old pilot.
During a recent heart attack, there is a chance he may have damaged his valves. The
consultant will have to analyze patient D’s valves before surgery. Being a pilot, he has
reached the maximum amount of radiation dosage; he is allergic to radioactive iodine and
feels very apprehensive. To refrain from any unnecessary exposure to radiation and invasive
treatment, a meeting with a radiologist has been planned to agree on the best diagnostic
imaging for patient D.
The best diagnostic method for patient D is MRI.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses
magnetic fields and radio waves to make an image. Hydrogen atoms are magnetic, a
property which can be used to by placing the patient at the centre of the superconducting
electromagnet. Under the effect of the powerful magnetic field, the hydrogen nuclei become
aligned with the field and the body needs a net magnestsion (transfer of nuclear spin
polarization). The alignment of the nuclei is then disrupted with radio signals, but when they
realign, they make their own radio pulses. NMR, which stands for Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance is the method used in MRI; it makes a very detailed image of tissues as the
protons can be picked up in their specific location in the body. The method can also give
information about the type of tissue that the protons are in, as they realign at various speeds
in numerous tissues, giving out a signal that is specific to the tissue type. The images made
by a strong computer is detailed.
MRI is the best diagnostic method for patient D as it is a non-ionizing procedure which
means no radiation is given out, this is good for patient D as he has already reached the
maximum amount of radiation dosage. MRI also gives 3D imaging which means, using a
computer you take the 2D imaging slices and join them together; this helps to look at soft
tissues in greater detail. This diagnostic methods provides an axial plane which means it can
take images in any direction; this is important in patient D’s case as we need to examine the
various valves he may have damaged which could be in different places. However, it is also
important to include that patient D is anxious, an MRI scan may not help his anxiety as he
will be placed in the centre of the superconducting electromagnets. Nevertheless, we can
provide him with headphones so he can listen to music, this may help him relax and could
decrease his anxiety.
Another option would be to use an X-Ray, which is made in the X-Ray tube. 2It produces an
image by the release of electrons (ions), which is a response to excessive heat that causes
the electron to dissociate from the metal, making an electron cloud around the filament.
1 18.11.19/ Medicine Net/ William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
2 18.11.19/Hyper Physics/Carl R. (Rod) Nave
1
, Accelerating electrons increases the high kinetic energy. KVP makes a strong negative
charge in the filament. This forces the electrons across the x-ray tube towards the anode.
Decelerating electrons releases energy as heat and x-rays. X-rays going through the body,
experience dispersion to numerous places depending on the atomic structure of the tissues
or organs and the wavelength of the X-rays. The density of the material will affect the
penetrating power of the x-ray, meaning the distance radiation can travel through a material
before it is stopped. The more dense the material, the more strongly it absorbs x-rays and
the less transparent it appears.
I have not chosen X-Ray as the best diagnostic method for patient D, as it is an ionising
method, which means it will release radiation. This is very harmful, as it can produce
secondary cancers as well as that patient D has already reached the maximum dosage of
radiation so we do not want to put him at risk of any additional problems. In addition, X-Rays
can not change their imaging plane this means that images can not be taken in any direction
instead it is fixated in one place. This will be difficult when needing to analyze the damaged
valves, as they can be in different places. X-Rays are mostly used to detect broken bones,
they cannot detect soft tissues. This will not be useful in patient D’s case, as it is the soft
tissue which is damaged. However, an X-Ray will not make the patient as anxious as an MRI
would due to the fact an X-Ray does not require you to be placed inside anything, but an X-
Ray can also cause patient D to have an allergic reaction to the contrast material.
Overall, MRI is the best method for patient D as it enables 3D imaging and provides an axial
plane so that the valve can be seen in detail. It is also non-ionizing, so will prevent patient D
from being exposed to radiation. Whereas, X-Rays give out radiation and do not provide an
axial plane potentially causing patient D more harm.
Case Study 2
Patient E is a 25 year old female, who is 10 weeks pregnant. She has been referred to by
her midwife and has it has been detected that her pH levels in her bi-weekly urine test are
high. It is suspected that she has kidney stones. In addition to this, she has been distressed
for 3 months due to harsh pain in her groin and lower back. She has tried browsing the
internet for possible treatment solutions and is now very anxious about her baby. You will be
going to the prenatal clinic alongside the midwife, to explain diagnostic and possible
treatment plans for her. It is crucial that the patient is kept at ease and everything is
explained simply to her.
A transvaginal ultrasound, also known as an internal ultrasound will be the most excellent
diagnostic method. 3A transvaginal ultrasound is inserted through the vagina. During the
procedure, the patient could be asked to either lie on their back, or on their side with their
knees drawn up towards their chest. A small ultrasound probe with a sterile cover, not much
wider than a finger, is then gently passed into the vagina or rectum and images are
transmitted to a monitor.
This is an excellent diagnostic method, as it is best suited for soft tissue evaluation which is
required for patient E as she has been experiencing severe pain her groin and lower back.
This will enable doctors to confirm if the issue is being caused by kidney stones. Also, if the
patient's pain is unbearable a laser treatment can be provided which breaks down the kidney
stones, removing them. This type of ultrasound can also pick up the size of kidney stones,
which is helpful to doctors as they can see what they are dealing with and can advise patient
3 18.11.19/ Medical News Today/ Jamie Eske
2
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