This document contains summarised notes of the entire block, consisting of the notes taken from lectures, readings, and the working groups. The document further provides an answer structure for exam questions.
WEEK 1: THE PRINCIPLE OF THE INTERNAL MARKET
art 26 TFEU : the Internal Market comprises an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods,
persons, services and capital is ensured in accordance with the provisions of the treaties
PART 1: PHILOSOPHIES OF MARKET INTEGRATION
Negative Integration : national regulatory rules are maintained but subject to certain prohibitions which are
laid down in the EU treaties
• Host State Model — the rules of the country of origin (of any given product or input) applies
✴ EU Rule = non-discrimination : MS rules apply but they cannot discriminate
• Home State Model — the rules of the country where the economic activity takes place apply
✴ EU Rule — mutual recognition
✴ There are exceptions that may allow host countries to deny recognition in certain cases
Positive Integration : national legislation is substituted in some speci c area with EU wide standards
• Harmonisation (common rules) — minimum v total harmonisation
✴ Minimum harmonisation : EU lays down a set of regulatory standards that are the ‘minimum’ standards
that apply in each State
- MS are allowed to go further and apply their own, more strict, standards
✴ Total harmonisation : Common rules are established at an EU level which are applied everywhere without
exception
Basically
> MS compliance with a measure of total harmonisation means that it cannot be criticised on the basis of the four freedoms, whil
> A MS going beyond the requirements of minimum harmonisation must ensure that its national law is in line with the Treaty’s free
movement rules
⇨ Art 114 TFEU
‣ it is a residual provision (ie. used only if no other legal basis is available)
‣ allows EU to adopt ‘measures’ (not only directives)
‣ the measures adopted must have as their objective the establishment and functioning of the
internal market (art 26 TFEU) ~ Tobacco Advertising I Case
‣ It gives EU (legislators) the competence to harmonise national laws
Tobacco Advertising I Case
measures adopted must have as their objective the establishment and functioning of the
internal market =
a) either the measure must eliminate obstacles, or
b) the measure must deal with appreciable distortions of competition
As the Tobacco Advertising Directive on the facts did neither, the Court annulled it
If there is no harmonisation —> we fall back on negative integration
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, PART 2 : FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS
• Goods : arts 28-30 and 34 TFEU; and art 110 TFEU
• Persons : art 21, 45, and 49 TFEU
• Services : art 56 TFEU
• Capital : art 63 TFEU
PART 3 : THE STRUCTURE OF FREE MOVEMENT LAW
A guide to assist with analysis of a question on EU internal
market law
1. Jurisdiction :
a) is there any secondary legislation applicable (eg. persons - Directive 2004/38) ?
b) If not, is there a cross-border e ect to activate free movement law? If so, how (ie. what is it)?
• ‘purely internal situations’ are not covered by EU law (ie. con ned in all respects within a single
MS)
2. Material scope : which freedom is involved (mention relevant article(s))
3. Personal scope : vertical / horizontal direct e ect - against whom is the claim?
‣ identify/acknowledge the prohibition (ie restriction)
• (eg. the prohibition of …) can constitute a restriction on freedom to … since it … (eg. deprives A
from …)
4. Restriction : It is a restriction on __ for a (eg. Member State) to prohibit __
a) Direct discrimination : discrimination in law = discrimination between domestic and foreign things
prohibited by art 34 TFEU
b) Indirect discrimination : discrimination in fact = domestic and foreign products treated alike and
therefore not overtly discriminatory (‘indirectly applicable measures)
c) Non-discriminatory trade obstacles :
- a measure that makes it more dif cult or less attractive to exercise free movement rights
- a measure that hinders market access
5. Justi cation :
a) Is the restriction justi ed?
• express derogations in the Treaty; or
* the only justi cation for directly discriminatory measures
• ‘mandatory requirement’ (public interest justi cation)
b) Whether the prohibition is objectively necessary and proportionate to the objective pursued?
(proportionality test)
• suitability
• necessity
* proportionality in the strict sense (balancing) - rarely applied
The four freedoms have helped liberalise the market —> improving market integration (which is a goal of the EU)
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, WEEK 2: FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS
• Forms of Free Movement of Goods Protectio
Prohibition of customs duties and charges of equivalent effect (CEEs) [art 30 TFEU
Prohibition of quantitative restrictions and measures of equivalent effect (MEEs) [art 34-36 TFEU
Prohibition of internal discriminatory taxation [art 110 TFEU
• art 110(1) TFEU : prohibition of discriminatory taxation
• art 110(2) TFEU : prohibition of protective taxation
PART 1 : ELIMINATION OF PECUNIARY BARRIERS
The ‘Custom Union’ is the foundation of free movement of goods in the EU - ie. an area which has a single external
customs border
• External Dimension {third-country transactions
Common Customs Tariff (art 31 TFEU
Common Commercial Policy (art 207 TFEU) → week 6
• Internal Dimension
art 28(2) and 29 TFEU ⟶ “free circulation" of imported third-country goods
art 28 and 30 TFEU ⟶ abolishment of all custom duties and charges having equivalent effect (CEEs)
๏ the following prohibitions do not permit exceptions :
• Custom Duties = a charge levied on goods by reason of the fact that they cross a frontier between M
• CEEs : (Germany v Commission)
- any pecuniary charge
- imposed unilaterally on domestic or foreign goods by reason of the fact that they cross a frontie
- the amount of the charge, the designation, and the mode of application are all irrelevant
- charges may constitute CEEs even if they are not discriminatory or protectiv
PART 2 : ELIMINATION OF NON-PECUNIARY BARRIERS
• art 34 TFEU ⟶ Quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibite
Quantitative Restriction → national measures which impose a numerical limit on goods of a particular type
entering a domestic market (eg. quotas)
• by de nition prohibited under art 34, where derogation is provided under art 36 TFEU
• Dassonville Rule ⟶ all rules capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, intra-Community
trade are to be considered as measures having equivalent effect (MEEs
Grounds of Justi cation → possible derogation under art 36 TFEU or additional justi cations based on
‘mandatory requirements’ of public interest (Cassis de Dijon)
Burden of Proof → the difference between Cassis and Dassonville - proof of effect was not required in
Dassonville
Problem → the Dassonville rule is broadly formulated, ie. easier for measures to fall within its scope
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