In deze samenvatting staat alle belangrijke informatie van hoofdstuk 1 tot en met 6 van het boek 'The Study of Language' van George Yule (7th edition). Ook de dikgedrukte termen worden uitgelegd.
The Study of
Language
Summary CH 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11
Engelman, M.A. (Maud)
2-11-2021
,Content
1. The Origins of Language.....................................................................................................................4
The Divine Source...............................................................................................................................5
The Natural Sound Source..................................................................................................................5
The “Bow-Wow” Theory.................................................................................................................5
The “Pooh-Pooh” Theory................................................................................................................6
The Musical Source.............................................................................................................................6
The Social Interaction Source.............................................................................................................6
The Physical Adaptation Source.........................................................................................................6
Teeth and Lips.................................................................................................................................6
Mouth and Tongue.........................................................................................................................6
Larynx and Pharynx.........................................................................................................................7
The Tool-Making Source.....................................................................................................................7
The Human Brain............................................................................................................................7
The Genetic Source.............................................................................................................................7
The Innateness Hypothesis.............................................................................................................7
2. Animals and Human Language...........................................................................................................7
Communication..................................................................................................................................8
Properties of Human Language..........................................................................................................8
Displacement..................................................................................................................................8
Arbitrariness...................................................................................................................................8
Cultural Transmission.....................................................................................................................8
Productivity....................................................................................................................................9
Duality............................................................................................................................................9
Talking to Animals..............................................................................................................................9
Chimpanzees and Language...............................................................................................................9
Washoe...........................................................................................................................................9
Sarah and Lana...............................................................................................................................9
The Controversy.............................................................................................................................9
Kanzi.............................................................................................................................................10
Using Language.................................................................................................................................10
3. The Sounds of Language...................................................................................................................10
Phonetics..........................................................................................................................................10
Consonants.......................................................................................................................................11
Voiced and Voiceless Sounds............................................................................................................11
1
, Place of Articulation.........................................................................................................................11
Familiar Symbols...........................................................................................................................11
Unfamiliar Symbols.......................................................................................................................11
Transcribing Sounds (Not Letters)....................................................................................................11
Manner of Articulation.....................................................................................................................12
A Consonant Chart............................................................................................................................12
Glottal Stops and Flaps.................................................................................................................12
Vowels..............................................................................................................................................12
Diphthongs.......................................................................................................................................12
American and British Diphthongs.................................................................................................12
Subtle Individual Variation................................................................................................................12
4. The Sound Patterns of Language......................................................................................................13
Phonology.........................................................................................................................................13
Phonemes.........................................................................................................................................14
Natural Classes.............................................................................................................................14
Phonemes and Allophones...............................................................................................................14
Complementary Distribution........................................................................................................14
Minimal Pairs and Sets..................................................................................................................15
Phonotactics.....................................................................................................................................15
Syllables............................................................................................................................................15
Consonant Clusters.......................................................................................................................15
Coarticulation Effects........................................................................................................................15
Assimilation..................................................................................................................................15
Nasalization..................................................................................................................................15
Elision...........................................................................................................................................15
Normal speech..............................................................................................................................16
5. Word Formation...............................................................................................................................16
Neologisms.......................................................................................................................................16
Etymology.........................................................................................................................................17
Borrowing.........................................................................................................................................17
Loan-Translation...........................................................................................................................17
Compounding...................................................................................................................................17
Blending........................................................................................................................................17
Clipping.............................................................................................................................................17
Hypocorisms.................................................................................................................................17
Backformation..............................................................................................................................17
2
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