Samenvatting
Summary International Comparative Management (325048-B-6)
Summary of the lectures and video clips of International Comparative Management
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 61 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 61 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
3 beoordelingen
Door: fqvos23 • 1 jaar geleden
Door: tobsterb • 2 jaar geleden
Door: karindirks • 2 jaar geleden
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE MANAGEMENTLecture 1
Elements of the course
Contingency factors (onvoorspelbaarheids factors)
Contingency Approach in organization theory:
Characteristics of management & organization depends on task environment and
related contingency factors
• A contingency is a circumstance or condition that may or may not apply
• Be aware of the danger of “cultural attribution”
• When looking for the influence of differences in institutional/cultural
environment, always control for differences in:
o organization size; age
o Industry; technology
o Etc.
• Two strategies for dealing with contingency factors in empirical research:
inclusion of control variables and matching of samples
What is globalization?
A qualitative shift towards a global economic system that is no longer based on
autonomous national economies but on a consolidated global marketplace for
production, distribution, and consumption (Holm & Sørensen, 1995)
Not for the exams, just an example
, INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE MANAGEMENT
Forces promoting (further) globalization:
• Decrease of transportation costs
• Decrease of communication costs
• Integration international financial markets
• Mass media, social media
• International migration
Forces impeding (further) globalization:
• Economic: Lower company profits outside home market; decreasing economic
gains of trade liberalization
• Social: Unbalanced distribution of benefits
• Cultural: Search for cultural authenticity
• Political Limits of democracy
1. Limits to globalization: economic
• Lower company profits outside home market
• At company level: shift in emphasis from efficiency, productivity and just-in-
time to resilience, robustness and slack (Madhok 2021)
• At country/region level: increasing desire to harbor integral supply chains
• At the country level globalization has two effects:
- Wealth creation
- Wealth redistribution
• The redistributive effects get larger relative to the wealth creation effects as
the level of trade liberalization increases
• What if the “losers from free trade” need to be compensated?
2. Limits to globalization: social
• Unbalanced distribution of benefits
• Developing/emerging countries have profited from globalization
• Ordinary workers in the USA have not profited from globalization
3. Limits to globalization: cultural
• Search for cultural authenticity
• The issue of “cultural appropriation”
4. Limits to globalization: political (Madhok: governance)
• The trilemma of globalization, sovereignty, and democracy
• Madhok (2021) mentions an additional factor leading to de-globalization:
technological development
• Digital technologies (e.g., AI, robotics) have made the share of labor cost in
value added smaller.
, INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE MANAGEMENT
Scenarios of globalization
Four possible scenarios:
1. Convergence
2. Specialization
3. Incremental adaption
4. Hybridization
Scenario 1; Convergence
• The Anglo-American version of capitalism will be adopted worldwide (as in
Europe after WW-II)
• But: contradicted by successes of, e.g., Japan, Korea, China
Scenario 2; Specialization
• Economies will specialize in where they have a comparative advantage, e.g.,
based on Porter’s “diamond” factors
• But: a large proportion of trade is intra-industry trade
Scenario 3; Incremental adaption
• Countries tend to evolve in the direction of the most efficient system and
practices
• However, cultures and institutions constrain countries & firms in this process
Scenario 4; Hybridization
• Parts of the economy/society become part of the global system
• Other parts may remain largely unaffected, e.g.:
- Healthcare
- Education
- Personal services
- Construction
Lecture 2
§1. What is culture?
Culture is difficult to define because it encompasses so many elements:
à ideas and values, patterns of behavior, artifacts, symbols, etc.
A synthetic definition:
Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and
transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups,
including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of
traditional (i.e., historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached
, INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE MANAGEMENT
values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action,
on the other as conditioning elements of further action
Another synthetic definition:
Culture is a property of a group. It is a group’s shared collective meaning system
through which the group’s collective values, attitudes, beliefs, customs, and thoughts
are understood. It is an emergent property of the member’s social interaction and a
determinant of how group members communicate .... Culture may be taken to be a
consensus about the meanings of symbols, verbal and nonverbal, held by members
of a community
The concept of “culture”
What are values? (values ~ needs)
Maslow’s “hierarchy of needs” is an example of the cultural relativity of values
What are beliefs?
à beliefs are propositions about objects or concepts or relations between
objects/concepts
- E.g, causality (“working hard leads to success”)
- Traditional beliefs in Chinese culture:
o All individuals have the potential to self-cultivate (Confucianism)
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper martijnvisker. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,48. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 66579 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen