Samenvatting

Samenvatting Engels: Cultuur en Geschiedenis (US part)

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Vak
Engels Cultuur En Geschiedenis (1034FLWTTA)

Instelling
Universiteit Antwerpen (UA)

Boek
American Civilization

Handige en overzichtelijke samenvatting van Engels: Samenleving en Cultuur. Bevat de belangrijkste aspecten van de powerpoints en mondelinge toelichtingen door de prof. Dankzij deze samenvatting een 14/20 behaald (op het cesuur-examen).

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Geupload op 18 december 2021
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Geschreven in 2021/2022
Type Samenvatting

engels
english
amerikaans
american
cultuur
culture
civilization
samenleving
history
handbook
powerpoints
examen
exam

Titel boek:American Civilization

Auteur(s):David Mauk, Alf Tomas Tonnessen

Uitgave:Onbekend
ISBN:9781000430936
Druk:8

Samenvatting
Samenvatting CHUKUS US deel+ hoofdstukken boek
Samenvatting
Summary - American Studies
Samenvatting
Samenvatting Engels Cultuur En Geschiedenis (1034FLWTTA)

Instelling
Universiteit Antwerpen (UA)
Studie
Toegepaste Taalkunde
Vak
Engels Cultuur En Geschiedenis (1034FLWTTA)

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English: culture and history

US: culture and history

US = NOT same as America
Chapters to know, not discussed in class
- Chapter 11: social services
- Chapter 12: education

LESSON 1: SETTLEMENT AND IMMIGRATION
Chapter: 3: The people – Settlement and immigration

Poem: ‘The New Colossus’ – Emma Lazarus
- America = country designed for immigrants
- Poem on statue of liberty
- To welcome all the poor and outsiders from other nations
- ‘naïve’ utopian description of a country welcomes all people that were rejected from other countries
 Trump could not Disagree more
- Today Trump policies  Biden: reverse effect on immigration = tension, stress, …
- America is not a country of infinite immigration

Early encounters between Europeans and Native Americans
- America = not an empty land when European colonists arrived
- Did not blend into a new race  ‘The American’
= ideology
- US: accidental nation, stumbled into being
- Never such a thing as a ‘single national culture’
 culturalism: people often seem to lament the loss of American identity
(“Make America Great Again” = nostalgia: America was once greater as it is now)
 presuppose a ‘lost paradise’: Americans knew who they were + not as problematic as today
(movements, ethnic groups, smaller entities)
 tone of cultural discussion today: based on false, mythical past: America used to be  never been!!

- Anglo-Americas have tried to establish a white European culture  attempted to turn America into a white
men’s paradise
- White ideology = tried to wipe out presence of native culture
- People arrived from two sides: England + Spain/Portugal
 native people lived there for thousands of years: 10 million native Americas
 Speaking several 100 languages
 Often mutual incomprehensible
 Huge culture: already there
- Confrontation with settlers (Spain and England  Natives) = extremely problematic from day one
- Conflict: European  Native Americans = tree different issues

a. HEALTH
- They made each other sick: caught diseases from each other
- Many deaths on both sides
- Immigrants: 50% died
- Native American: population 10 million  2 million
- Deadly from the beginning

b. LAND/TRADE
- Europeans and native Americans = different ideas of function of land and tray
- Europeans: land = commodity, instrument to be exploited, cultivate, try to make money from
 working on a land => it becomes yours (to sell, inherit to children, …)
 claiming more land + pushing Native Americans back into smaller pieces of land (= reservations)
- Native Americans: land = NOT a commodity
 sacred, needs to be admired, respected rather than changed
 not sell, trade, … but use for communal life + using nature to feed yourself, cure diseases but NEVER
claim it as property

c. RELIGION
- Europeans: mostly protestants: believed that nature (=wilderness)  it is God’s assignment to cultivate it
into land
Work a land, make it lucrative = please god
 believe in a personal god = who has no problem with people claiming land
 dualism
- Native Americans: land = sacred, needs to be admired, respected, … not changed
 land = great mother of nature + respect for mother nature
 believe in a divine quality that humans and nature take part off: we are all part of a huge, divine
universe: no Lord, Jesus, God in one person but land was sacred and divine just like human beings

,English: culture and history
 nature and human beings = continuum, merging into each other, …

The founders
- Two different voyages/approaches to this new world
 St. Augustin, Florida (1565) = eldest settlement
 Jamestown, Virginia (1607) = by the English
- From the very beginning: shortage of labor = inspired/forced the colonists to import African laborers
(=start of slavery)
 indentured servants: African people who came to America, willing to serve for a period of 5-7 years in
order to be free citizens after in the New World

1619: First African laborers as indentured servants

- Two types of colonists:
 separatists
 Arrived on Mayflower
 Protestant, separatist pilgrims
 Belief = people had failed + God gives Christians one more chance to establish a truly Christian
ideal world on earth
 Europe had failed to live up to God’s demand
 Separatists: turn their back on Europe for good  determined to set up an ideal, Christian culture
in the New World
 Never to return
 This escape by the separatist pilgrims= failed completely
 diseases
 ‘first immigration move’ = mythical
 FAIL
 America was NOT founded by pilgrims on the Mayflower

1620: Pilgrims, separatists on Mayflower arrive

 puritans
 Variant of same stem
 Arrived ten years later
 Ship = Arbella
 Reformers
 Did not want to turn their backs/separate from Europe
 Wanted to purify, set up an example for the Old World
 To do better
 Maybe not return physically to Europe but export their lifestyles, ideas, … to Europe
 Still today: Why do Americans think they have to mingle in e.g. Middle East? Violent moves? Police
the entire world?
 puritan origin: ‘we have to set up a religious utopia to inspire the entire world’
 Survival of mankind = high
 White America not founded by pilgrims on Mayflower (myth) but by puritans on Arbella

1630: Pilgrims, puritans on Arbella arrive

Four waves of immigration
- First wave: colonial immigrants 1680 – 1776
- Second wave: old immigrants 1820 – 1890
- Third wave: new immigrants 1890 – 1930
- Fourth wave: Latino and Asian 1965 – present

Renewed immigration debate and migration restriction
- 1890-1914: 15,5 million new immigrants

- 1875: federal government began listing ‘banned groups’
= contract laborers, convicts, prostitutes, lunatics, idiots, paupers, polygamists, political radicals, the
Chinese, the Japanese, illiterates

- 1892: Ellis Island: screening depot for immigrants

- 1908: The Melting Pot by Israel Zangwill
 play
 popularized the idea, introduced metaphor that: eventually in the US would fuse many races and
cultures (through intermarriage) and become new people, new race = Americans

,English: culture and history
to this day: notion of melting pot survived: multiculturalism  ‘I am German-American, Afro-American,
…: my ancestors are German, African, … but I am American
= hybrid, multi-layered cultural identity
= hyphenated America
Still consider, treat them as American
 ‘Make America great again’ = slogan looks backward to some kind of imaginary past were all Americans
were white, Anglo-Saxons
 melting pot = nostalgic idea of people who were never willing/able to embrace complexity of America
= America + something else (Afro-American)
 being American = ideally: not dependent on who your parents/language/religion were (Not who you used
to be) Who you decide to be = open idea

- 1921: Emergency Quota Act: each European nation = certain number of immigrant visas per year
 already 100 Belgians in US? = every new year another 3 Belgians allowed in the country
 very serious constriction
 nationality quotas 3%

- 1924: Asian Excusion Act: ended all immigrations from Asian nation
+ National Origins Quota Act: reduced European nationality quotas to 2%

- 1965: immigration Act

- 1986: immigration Reform and Control Act

- 1990: Immigration Act

2018:
 increase of immigrants in the US dropped to 70% compared to 2017

John Winthrop
- Puritan: leader of Arbella ship
- Religious people: on voyage from known to the unknown
- John W. held a speech: spoke to people on board of Arbella
- Suddenly extraordinary passage: he prepares these religious people for a class society
= what they left behind + point of voyage to create egalitarian paradisa?
 religious originis of America = offer a justification for raw capitalism
 God says: ‘some will be rich, some will be poor’
= justification of everything they left behind: not sailing into ‘socialism’ but sailing into pretty much
the same (= model of Christian charity)

Gordon Wood: What 18th century America must have felt like
Face to face society
 culture/society of very small entities, villages, communities where people knew each other personally
 biggest city back than = Philadelphia
 America = rural, agrarian, backwaters of Europe
 UK: less and less agriculture and more manufactures
 everybody knew each other
 no distinction: private – public
= huge social control: people would turn each other in
 reputation is VERY important
(people started gossiping, could destroy reputation)
 stories told not true? Brought to court => clear your name, damage of symbolic capital

Friendship
 web of social relations that linked people to one another
 not just ‘friends’ in meaning today
 friends = people in your community
 once a reputation was established (he uses cocaine, she is possessed by the devil,…) not much to do
about it or go to court

Husbandry
 to husband = verb
 to deal with scarce means in a frugal manner
 smart distributing, deal, … scarce grounds
 bad husbandry? = ‘wanbeheerr’
 deal with economic resources: bread, liquid, milk, … and use them in a wise manner
 husband: links family sphere to market sphere
 Father as a king of the family
 Husbandry = more than a family man

, English: culture and history
 difficult to have goods circulate beyond a certain sphere: primitive  no bank, stock exchange, difficult
to trade beyond village
 lack of paper money

Book accounts:
 listings that register everything people owed to one another
 complicated register
 ‘he owns me X, I own her Y, ...’
 technical term for all the economical interdependency that linked one another
 whole network
 source of conflict and social cohesion
= conflict: remind your neighbour he has to give you X back, he can’t because waiting to be paid
by Y, …= led to conflict
 social cohesion: you could not just run away  stay in same circle

Proprietary wealth
 wealthy people in town accumulated wealth: make more money than already had
 land = plenty = cheap
 wealth produced by rents, interests …
= main source of income of the rich
 network of interdependencies

Patronage
 society run by patrons
 the rich people would also be the powerful
 economic independence: only an economic independent can be a fair judge  can’t be blackmailed

 All together: small scale, agricultural, tide knit communities: no sign that seems to anticipate the formation
of a new nationstate

The war of independence

- All about money
- Story begins in 1763: end of Seven Years War: England  France
 English won the war + lot of new territory from France: Canada + Eastern Mississipi territory
 so much land so far away  how to protect it?
 financial ‘problem’ even though they had won the war

- George Grenville: chancellor in 1763
 discovered: American custom service (colonies) were costing more to operate than it was bringing in
 introduced acts (Sugar Act – 1764 and Stamp Act – 1765)
= to generate money in the colonies to fund the English bank
 levy taxes on importation of sugar (Sugar Act)
 all official documents have a particular stamp in order to be officially legal = would generate
money (Stamp Act)

- Opposition to these taxes
 new ‘tax’: Townshend Act: money that taxes raise can be invested in colonies (money goes not even
back to England)
 but no

- People started resenting from beginning: English people that lived in colonies
 colonists were not represented in parliament: no right to levitate taxes!
 how can we be taxed by a parliament in which we have no representatives?
 ‘No taxation without Representation’

- English: sent Customs Commisioners = were hated by the locals

- To prevent social protest: England sent 2 regiments of British Army: to teach colonists a lesson
 to make sure they would obey mother country

- Americans: demotivated the regiments = by behaving like ideal school children, lived by the rule, …
 regiments felt like they had no use

= pacifist provocation

- March 1770: English soldiers were unguarded in Custom House, Boston
 some locals started provoking the soldiers
 from out of nothing: violent confrontation between provocative colonists  military representatives

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