Een samenvatting van Worlds Together, Worlds Apart with sources. Volume 2: from 1000 CE to the Present.
Zesde editie.
Ik heb hoofdstuk 10 t/m 15 samengevat.
Ik heb in het document tekst gemarkeerd als het ook naar voren is gekomen tijdens de hoor- en/of werkcolleges.
,Inhoud
Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................6
Hoofdstuk 10 – becoming ‘the world’, 1000-1300 n.Chr........................................................................7
Development of maritime trade.........................................................................................................7
Innovations at sea 386-387.............................................................................................................7
Global commercial hubs 387-390...................................................................................................7
The Islamic world in a time of political fragmentation.......................................................................8
Environmental challenges and political divisions 390-391..............................................................8
The spread of Sufism 391-392........................................................................................................8
What was Islam? 392......................................................................................................................8
India as a cultural mosaic...................................................................................................................9
Invasions and consolidations 393-394............................................................................................9
What was India? 394-395...............................................................................................................9
Song China: insiders versus outsiders.................................................................................................9
Economic progress 395-398...........................................................................................................9
New elites 398..............................................................................................................................10
China’s neighbors: Nomads, Japan and Southeast Asia 398-400..................................................10
What was China? 400-401............................................................................................................10
Christian Europe...............................................................................................................................10
Western and Northern Europe 402-403.......................................................................................10
Eastern Europe 403......................................................................................................................10
The Russian Lands 403-404...........................................................................................................11
What was Christian Europe? 404..................................................................................................11
Relations with the Islamic World 405-406....................................................................................11
Worlds coming together: sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas......................................................11
Sub-Saharan Africa comes together 406-410...............................................................................11
The Americas 410-414..................................................................................................................12
The Mongol Transformation of Afro-Eurasia....................................................................................12
Who were the Mongols? 414-415................................................................................................12
Conquest and Empire 415-420.....................................................................................................13
Hoofdstuk 11 – crisis and recovery in Afro-Eurasia, 1300-1500...........................................................14
Collapse and consolidation...............................................................................................................14
The Black Death 434-438..............................................................................................................14
1
, Rebuilding States 438-440............................................................................................................15
The Islamic heartland.......................................................................................................................15
The Ottoman Empire440-445.......................................................................................................15
The Safavid Empire in Iran 445-446..............................................................................................17
The Delhi Sultanate and the Early Mughal Empire 446-448.........................................................17
Western Christendom......................................................................................................................17
The Catholic Church reactions and revolts 448.............................................................................17
State building and economic recovery 448-449............................................................................18
Political consolidation and trade in Portugal................................................................................18
Dynastie building and reconquest in Spain...................................................................................18
The Struggles of France and England and the success of small states..........................................18
The Renaissance...........................................................................................................................18
Ming China........................................................................................................................................18
Restorting order 455-456.............................................................................................................19
Centralization under the Ming 456-457........................................................................................19
Religion under the Ming 457-458.................................................................................................19
Ming rulership 458-460................................................................................................................19
Trade and exploration 460-462....................................................................................................19
Hoofdstuk 12 – contact, commerce and colonization, 1450-1600.......................................................20
The old expansionism and the new..................................................................................................20
Ottoman expansion..........................................................................................................................21
The multiethnic Ottoman Empire 477..........................................................................................21
Ottoman conquest in Egypt 478...................................................................................................21
Ottoman expansionism stalls in Iran 478......................................................................................21
The Ottomans in Europe 479........................................................................................................21
European exploration and expansion...............................................................................................21
The Portuguese in Africa and Asia 479-483..................................................................................22
The Atlantic World............................................................................................................................22
First encounters 483-484..............................................................................................................22
First conquests 485.......................................................................................................................22
The Aztec Empire and the Spanish conquest 485-487..................................................................23
The Incas 488................................................................................................................................23
From conquest to colonization in the Atlantic world........................................................................23
The Columbian exchange 489.......................................................................................................23
2
, Spain’s tributary empire 490-493.................................................................................................24
Portugal’s new World colony 493-494..........................................................................................24
Beginnings of the transatlantic slavet rade 494............................................................................24
Silver 494-495...............................................................................................................................24
Religious turmoil in Europe..............................................................................................................25
The Reformation...........................................................................................................................25
Religious Warfare in Europe.........................................................................................................25
The revival of the Asian economies..................................................................................................25
The revival of the Ottoman caravan trade 500.............................................................................25
Prosperity in Ming China 500-503................................................................................................25
The revival of Indian Ocean trade 503..........................................................................................25
Mughal India and commerce 503-505..........................................................................................25
Asian relations with Europe 505-507............................................................................................25
Hoofdstuk 13 – Worlds entangled, 1600-1750.....................................................................................27
Global commerce and climate change..............................................................................................27
The little ice age 522-524..............................................................................................................27
Exchanges and expansions in North America...................................................................................28
Trade between Europeans and Amerindians 525-527..................................................................28
The plantation complex in the Caribbean 527-528.......................................................................28
The slave trade and Africa................................................................................................................29
Capturing and shipping enslaved people 529-532........................................................................29
Slavery’s gender imbalance 532...................................................................................................29
Africa’s new enslaving supplier states 532-534............................................................................29
Comparative perspectives on climate change: the Ottoman empire and Ming China......................29
The Ottomans struggle to maintain power and legitimacy 535-536.............................................29
Ming China succumbs to Manhu rule 536-541.............................................................................30
Other parts of Asia in the 17th and 18th centuries..........................................................................31
The Dutch in Southeast Asia 541542............................................................................................31
Transformations in the Islamic Heartland 542-544.......................................................................31
Tokugawa Japan 544-546.............................................................................................................32
Transformations in Europe...............................................................................................................32
Expansion and dynastic change in Russia 547-550.......................................................................32
Economic and political fluctuations in western Europe................................................................33
Hoofdstuk 14 – Cultures of Splendor and Power 1500-1780................................................................35
3
, Trade and culture.............................................................................................................................35
Culture in the Islamic World.............................................................................................................35
The Ottoman cultural synthesis 567-568......................................................................................35
Safavid Culture, Shiite state 568-569............................................................................................35
Power and culture under the Mughals 569-574...........................................................................36
Culture and politics in East Asia........................................................................................................36
China: The Challenge of Expansion and diversity 574-576............................................................36
Cultural identity and Tokugawa Japan 576-578............................................................................37
African cultural flourishing...............................................................................................................37
The Asante, Oyo and Benin cultural traditions 579-580...............................................................38
The Enlightment in Europe...............................................................................................................38
The new science...........................................................................................................................39
The Enlightenment thinkers.........................................................................................................39
Consequences of the Enlightenment............................................................................................39
Creating hybrid cultures in the Americas..........................................................................................39
Spiritual Encounters 589-591........................................................................................................39
Forming American identities 591-592...........................................................................................39
The influence of European culture in Oceania..................................................................................40
Hoofdstuk 15 – Reordering the World, 1750-1850...............................................................................41
Revolutionary transformations and new languages of freedom......................................................41
Political reorderings..........................................................................................................................41
The North American war of independence 1776-1783 610-614...................................................41
The French Revolution..................................................................................................................42
The Napoleonic Era.......................................................................................................................42
Revolution in Saint-Domingue (Haiti) 618-620.............................................................................42
Revolutions in Spanish and Portuguese America 620-622............................................................43
Change and trade in Africa...............................................................................................................43
Abolition of the Slave Trade 623...................................................................................................43
New Trade with Africa 623-624....................................................................................................43
Economic reorderings.......................................................................................................................44
Regional and global origins of industrialization 624-626..............................................................44
The Industrial Revolution and the British Surge 626-628.............................................................45
Working and living 628-632..........................................................................................................45
Persistence and change in Afro-Eurasia............................................................................................46
4
,Revamping the Russian Monarchy 632-633..................................................................................46
Reforming Egypt and the Ottoman Empire 633-635.....................................................................46
Colonial reordering in India 635-637............................................................................................47
Persistence of the Qing Empire 637-640......................................................................................47
5
,Inleiding
Vrienden, welkom bij mijn samenvatting. Ik heb deze gemaakt voor mijn tentamen voor World
History aan de VU.
Door dit document heen zal je wat verschillende kleuren tegenkomen, hier is een lijstje:
Rood gemarkeerd = dit hoefde ik niet te leren omdat dat ook werd behandeld bij European History.
Dit heb ik dus ook niet samengevat!
Geel gemarkeerd, zwarte tekst = dit staat in het boek en is ook behandeld tijdens de hoor (en
werk)colleges.
Geel gemarkeerd, rode tekst = dit is tijdens de hoorcolleges behandeld, maar staat niet op deze
manier beschreven in het boek. Bij elk hoorcollege is een hoofdstuk behandeld, dus hier ook de
match van dat hoofdstuk en college.
Paars gemarkeerd, zwarte tekst = dit staat in het boek en is ook behandeld tijdens de werkcolleges
(en dus niet tijdens de hoorcolleges).
Paars gemarkeerd, gele tekst = dit is behandeld tijdens de werkcolleges, maar staat niet op deze
manier beschreven in het boek. Ook dit is soms random gepositioneerd.
Blauw gemarkeerd = ik snapte het niet helemaal of wist het niet goed te vertalen. Ik heb boven elk
kopje de bladzijdes erbij gezet, dus ik raad aan om bij dat soort stukjes nog even het boek erbij te
pakken.
Onderaan dit document staan nog wat tentamentips van mijn docent!
Veel succes met jullie tentamens vrienden, ik heb vertrouwen in jullie!
Xoxo
Renée
6
, Hoofdstuk 10 – becoming ‘the world’, 1000-1300 n.Chr.
3 thema’s; Afro-Eurazië wordt één wereld:
1. Zeehandel en steden langs de kust breidden uit
2. Meer handel en religieuze integratie genereerden de vier grote culturele ‘sferen’:
Islamitische wereld, India, China en Europa. Sub-Sahara en de Amerika’s ook cultureel, maar
meer gefragmenteerd
3. Het Mongoolse rijk regeerde over veel land in deze vier sferen.
Development of maritime trade
Zeeroutes werden belangrijker voor de handel dan routes over land.
Innovations at sea 386-387
Nieuwe uitvinding: het naaldkompas. Uitgevonden in China om huizen en graven te vinden. 11 e eeuw
zeilers van Guangzhou nu ook zeilen met slecht weer en het maken van mappen werd beter.
Nieuwe schepen:
- Dhow
o Driehoekige zeilen (= lateen) maximaliseren kracht op Arabische zee en Indiase
oceaan
- Jonk
o Zuid Chinese zee
o Groot, vlakke bodem
o 4 dekken
o Zes masten met 12 zeilen
o Kon 500 man vervoeren
- Kogge
o Atlantische oceaan
o Enkele mast met vierkant zeil
o Verbond Genua met verre plekken zoals de Azoren en IJsland
Nieuwe schepen waren belangrijk want kon veel meer veel verder vervoeren
Global commercial hubs 387-390
Scheepvaart werd minder gevaarlijk doordat de politiek legers inzette om de handel(schepen) te
beschermen.
Entrepots: commerciële steden waar schepen konden aanleggen, handelen en voorraden bijvullen.
Belangrijkste entrepots: Alexandrië (Egypte), Quilon (India), Melaka (Maleisië), Quanzhou (China)
Islamitisch wetsysteem zorgde voor goede handel in Egypte. Sharia zegt: geen verdienmodel aan
leningen moslims in Egypte vormen partnerschap met mensen die kapitaal uit te lenen hebben en
mensen die kapitaal willen opbouwen deel winst gaat naar de uitlener
10e eeuw: Chola dynastie van Zuid India support havenstad Quilon na Chola dynastie nog steeds
veel handel. Sleutel voor handel in Quilon: persoonlijke relaties, anders wordt het lastig.
7
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