Samenvatting
Summary Basics Of Infectious Diseases (NEM-20806)
summary lectures of basics of infectious diseases
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 16 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 16 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Verkoper
Volgen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
An introduction to infectious diseasesCommunicable infectious disease: can be transmitted directly or indirectly from one host to another
Non-communicable infectious disease: caused by an opportunistic pathogen from an individuals
own microflora
Three questions on ID outbreak investigations
- First steps to determine if the situation is an outbreak of an ID
Identify cases person, place, time
- Next three critical questions of an outbreak investigation
Identify the pathogen
Identify the source
Identify the transmission cycle
- Specific purpose and examples of measures to control outbreak
Isolate
Cure
Break transmission cycle
Outbreak control
- Prevention of exposure containment of the source(quarantine) and break transmission cycle
- Prevention of infection protection of susceptible group with vaccination, safe water,
sanitation, afstand houden, geen handen geven, in ellenboog hoesten
- Prevention of disease prophylactic treatment of high risk group
Host types
- Definitive host: host in which pathogen reach maturity and reproduces
- Intermediate host: host in which pathogen undergoes essential developmental transition
- Transportation host: host in which pathogen undergoes no essential developmental transition
- Reservoir: long-term natural host of pathogen that does not cause a disease in this host
Two types of epidemics
- Common source epidemics: infectious disease without human to human transmission
- Propagated epidemics: due to human to human transmission
Latent period: time interval from initial exposure until start of transmission to other
host
Incubation period: time interval from initial infection until onset of clinical disease
Infectious period: period during which a person is infectious and enabling transmission
,Basic reproductive rate (R0)
- Number of secondary infections by a case of an infection during its entire transmission lifetime
when a population is totally susceptible (transmission success)
- R0=c x l x D
c= number of contacts of infected case with susceptible individuals
l= probability of transmission of causal agent during a contact (Infectiousness)
D= duration of infectious period
- Effective reproduction rate(R)= R0 x % of susceptible individuals in a population
- Herd immunity threshold= (R0-1)/R0, percentage of susceptible population that needs to be
protected by vaccination to stop an epidemic outbreak
Prevalence: total number of cases at given time point (how many have the disease)
Incidence: number of new cases (how fast it spreads)
Disability adjusted life years(DALY)= years of healthy life lost due to poor health(YLD) + years of life
lost due to premature death (YLL)
- YLD= l x DW x L
l= number of cases
L= average duration of the case until remission or death
DW= disability weight (0 or 1)
- YLL= N x L
N= number of deaths
L= standard life expectancy at age of death in years
Changes in human demographics (enhanced transmission)
- Population growth
- Urbanization
- Migration
- Human mobility
- International travel
Poverty and social inequality( enhance transmission and persistence of sources)
- Poverty
- Sanitation and hygiene
- Contaminated food and water supplies
- Food security
- Inadequate governance
- Lack of public health service
Economic development and changes in land use(open up new sources)
- Deforestation
- Introduced species/pathogens
- Biodiversity loss
- Hydrological changes
- Climate change
, Bacteria
Prokaryotes
- Plasma membrane
- Nucleoid
- Cell wall
- Capsule
- Fimbriae or pilli(attachment, secretion)
- Flagella(movement)
- Ribosomes, macromolecules, organic compounds and ions
Cell wall
- Gram positive bacteria: have a thick peptidoglycan later and no outer lipid membrane
- Gram negative bacteria: thin peptidoglycan later and outer lipid membrane, and
lipopolysaccharides on outside
Old microbial diseases are (re) emerging
- Cholera (vibrio cholerae)
Diarrheal disease
Rapid disease progression
Food/waterborne disease
Cholera toxin: activate chloride channel raises luminal osmotic pressure water into
gut diarrhoea
- Black death, bubonic plague, great plague (yersinia pestis)
Spread by fleas
Lymphatic system, later in blood
Toxins
Vector disease
- Leprosy (mycobacterium leprae)
Chronic
Affects skin, nerves and mucous membranes
Contact disease, splash borne
Incubation/treatment years
Multi-drug therapy
- Tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Asymptomatic, mostly latent TB infection
Airborne
Treatment 6-20 months
Pathogenicity: the ability to cause disease
Virulence: the degree of pathogenicity, or aggressiveness
Evolution of virulence: trade-off hypothesis
- Infectivity: ability to establish infection point
- Invasiveness: ability to spread
- Pathogenic potential: ability to damage
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper joellest. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €3,98. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 67474 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen