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Summary: Africa in World History by Gilbert & Reynolds (2012)
- Instelling
- Universiteit Leiden (UL)
Summary of chapters 1 - 19, including a master timeline.
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SUMMARY OF ERIK GILBERT & JONATHAN T. REYNOLDS, AFRICA IN WORLDHISTORY, 3RD EDITION (PEARSON 2012).
,Summary Africa in World History (2012)
Contents
Part 1 Africa up to 1500 C.E....................................................................................................................6
Chapter 1 Physical Context of African History: Geography and Environment....................................8
Physical Features of the Continent..................................................................................................8
Challenges of the African Environment...........................................................................................8
The African Environment in Global Perspective..............................................................................9
Chapter 2 Africa and Human Origins................................................................................................10
Early Perspectives on Human Origins and the Notion of Race......................................................10
Africa and Human Origins in Global Perspective...........................................................................12
Chapter 3 Finding Food and Talking about It: The First 100,000 Years.............................................13
Humans and the Environment: Foraging for Food........................................................................13
Regional Foraging Strategies........................................................................................................15
The African Environment and the First Modern Humans in Global Perspective............................15
Chapter 4 Settled Life: Food Production, Technology, and Migrations.............................................17
The Origins of Food Production.....................................................................................................17
Animal Domestication...................................................................................................................18
The Social, Political, and Economic Impact of Food Production....................................................18
The Bantu Expansion....................................................................................................................19
Metallurgy and the Banana..........................................................................................................20
Political and Religious Culture in Early African History.................................................................21
Early African Migrations, Technology, and Culture in Global Perspective.....................................22
Chapter 5 North and Northeast Africa in Early World History..........................................................23
Egypt in Early World History.........................................................................................................23
Ancient Egypt and Greece.............................................................................................................25
Carthage and Rome in Early Northern Africa................................................................................25
Ancient Nubia and the Horn of Africa in the Ancient World..........................................................25
Ancient Africa United: The Afrocentric Argument.........................................................................26
Ancient North and Northeastern Africa in Global Perspective......................................................27
Chapter 6 Africa and the Early Christian World................................................................................28
The Spread of Christianity in Africa...............................................................................................28
African Contributions to Early Christian Thought..........................................................................29
The Decline of African Christianity................................................................................................30
Early African Christianity in Global Perspective............................................................................30
Chapter 7 North and West Africa and the Spread of Islam...............................................................32
The Origins of Islam......................................................................................................................32
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,Summary Africa in World History (2012)
Islam in North Africa.....................................................................................................................32
Empires, Trade, and Islam in the West African Savannah.............................................................33
The Rise of Mali............................................................................................................................34
The Rise of Songhai.......................................................................................................................34
Islam in Kanem-Bornu and Hausaland..........................................................................................35
African Traditional Religions and Conversion...............................................................................35
The Africanization of Islam...........................................................................................................35
Islam in North and West Africa in Global Perspective...................................................................36
Chapter 8 East Africa and the Advent of Islam.................................................................................37
The Monsoons..............................................................................................................................37
Swahili Origins..............................................................................................................................37
Islam and the Emergence of the Swahili as a Distinctive Group....................................................37
Life in the Early Swahili Towns: 750 – 1000..................................................................................38
The High Point of Swahili Civilization: 1000 – 1500......................................................................38
Urban Transformation..................................................................................................................38
Economic Transformation.............................................................................................................39
Kilwa: A Case Study.......................................................................................................................39
The Swahili Coast in Global Perspective........................................................................................40
Part 2 Africa since 1500 C.E..................................................................................................................41
Chapter 9 Slavery and the Creation of the Atlantic World................................................................44
The Institution of Slavery before the Rise of the Atlantic Trade....................................................44
Slavery in the Mediterranean and Europe....................................................................................44
Slavery in Africa............................................................................................................................44
The Institution of Slavery..............................................................................................................45
The Birth of the Plantation Complex.............................................................................................45
New Sea Routes............................................................................................................................45
The Plantation System in the New World......................................................................................46
Race and Slavery in the New World..............................................................................................46
The Nature of the Slave Trade......................................................................................................47
Shipboard Conditions....................................................................................................................48
The Human Toll.............................................................................................................................48
Justifications for the Slave Trade..................................................................................................49
Counting the Cost.........................................................................................................................49
African Culture in Diaspora...........................................................................................................49
African Religion in the New World................................................................................................49
Independent African Communities in the New World...................................................................50
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,Summary Africa in World History (2012)
Diasporic Africans Back in Africa – Routes of Return....................................................................50
The Atlantic System and Economic Change..................................................................................50
The Atlantic System and the Industrial Revolution........................................................................50
The Atlantic System and African Poverty......................................................................................51
Abolition of the Slave Trade..........................................................................................................51
The End of the Atlantic World.......................................................................................................52
The Atlantic Slave Trade in Global Perspective.............................................................................52
Chapter 10 West and West-Central Africa: 1500 – 1880..................................................................53
The Setting: West and West-Central Africa Prior to European Contact.........................................53
First Impressions...........................................................................................................................53
Early Relations – Religion, Trade, and Politics...............................................................................53
Africa Transformed? Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade.............................................................54
Regional Developments in the Era of the Slave Trade...................................................................56
The End of the Slave Trade and the Rise of Legitimate Trade.......................................................57
West and West-Central Africa 1500 – 1880, in Global Perspective...............................................58
Chapter 11 North Africa and the Soudan: 1500 – 1880....................................................................59
The Ottomans in Egypt.................................................................................................................59
The Ottomans in the Maghreb......................................................................................................59
Ottoman Culture in North Africa...................................................................................................60
The Rise of Morocco......................................................................................................................60
Invasion and Reform in Egypt.......................................................................................................60
French Invasion in Algeria.............................................................................................................61
Religious Change in the Soudan to the 1880s...............................................................................61
North Africa and the Soudan, 1500 – 1880, in Global Perspective................................................62
Chapter 12 East Africa, 1500 – 1850.................................................................................................64
The Arrival of the Portuguese.......................................................................................................64
The Omani Empire in East Africa...................................................................................................65
The Busaids...................................................................................................................................65
Britain and the Suppression of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade.......................................................66
Links to the Interior.......................................................................................................................66
Portuguese and Omani Dominance in Global Perspective............................................................67
Chapter 13 Southern Africa, 1500 – 1870.........................................................................................68
Terrain, Climate, and Settlement..................................................................................................68
Shaka and the Rise of the Zulu State.............................................................................................69
Mzilikazi and the “Ndebele”.........................................................................................................70
Moshoeshoe.................................................................................................................................70
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,Summary Africa in World History (2012)
The “Voortrekkers”.......................................................................................................................70
The British Expansion and the Formation of the Boer Republics...................................................71
South Africa in Global Perspective, 1500 – 1870...........................................................................71
Chapter 14 Colonialism and African Resistance................................................................................73
Europe’s Industrial Transformation and Africa.............................................................................73
Quinine and Colonialism...............................................................................................................73
Weapons and Colonialism............................................................................................................73
The Great Transformation............................................................................................................74
The Ideology of Empire in Africa...................................................................................................74
The Limits of Resistance................................................................................................................74
The Colonization of a Continent....................................................................................................74
The Expansion of the Gold Coast Colony.......................................................................................75
Creating the Belgian Congo..........................................................................................................75
Ethiopia: Where European Imperialism Failed..............................................................................76
African Colonization in Global Perspective....................................................................................77
Chapter 15 Economic Change in Modern Africa: Forced Integration into the World System...........78
The Cash Crop Revolution.............................................................................................................78
Colonial Transportation Networks................................................................................................78
Cocoa Farming in Ghana...............................................................................................................79
Cotton and Groundnuts in Nigeria................................................................................................80
Africans as Wage Laborers...........................................................................................................80
Slavery and Labor in Zanzibar.......................................................................................................81
Settlers in the Kenya Highlands.....................................................................................................81
The Cities of Africa........................................................................................................................82
Women and Work in Colonial Africa.............................................................................................82
The Movement to Independence and Modernization...................................................................82
African Economic History in Global Perspective............................................................................83
Chapter 16 Political Change in the Time of Colonialism...................................................................84
Varieties of Colonial Administration.............................................................................................84
World War I and Colonial Rule......................................................................................................87
Colonialism and African “Elites”...................................................................................................87
World War II and the Twilight of Colonial Rule.............................................................................88
Colonial Rule in Africa in Global Perspective.................................................................................88
Chapter 17 African Culture in the Modern World............................................................................89
Africa and Anthropology...............................................................................................................89
Christianity and Colonialism.........................................................................................................89
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,Summary Africa in World History (2012)
Independent Churches..................................................................................................................90
Islam as a Globalizing Force..........................................................................................................90
Migrants and Mobility..................................................................................................................91
Soccer on the Global Stage...........................................................................................................91
Movies and Music.........................................................................................................................91
Modern African Culture in Global Perspective..............................................................................92
Chapter 18 Politics in the Era of Decolonization and Independence................................................93
The Era of Decolonization.............................................................................................................93
The Rise of African Nationalist Movements..................................................................................93
Decolonization in the Settler States and Portuguese Africa..........................................................94
After Colonialism: Independence … or into Dependence?.............................................................96
Pan-Africanism.............................................................................................................................96
The Challenges of Independence...................................................................................................97
The Congo Crisis............................................................................................................................97
Political Change in Independent Africa: Innovation or Regression?..............................................97
Independent African States in Global Perspective.........................................................................98
Chapter 19 Contemporary Africa....................................................................................................100
The End of the Cold War and Political Change in Africa..............................................................100
The End of Apartheid..................................................................................................................100
Conflict and Collapsed States in the Post-Cold War Era..............................................................101
Africa and the War on Terror......................................................................................................102
The Rwandan Genocide and the “African World War”...............................................................103
Genocide in Sudan?....................................................................................................................104
Globalization and Development in Contemporary Africa............................................................104
China and Africa.........................................................................................................................105
The HIV Pandemic and Africa......................................................................................................105
African Solutions.........................................................................................................................106
Contemporary Africa in Global Perspective – Looking Back, Looking Ahead..............................106
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,Summary Africa in World History (2012)
Part 1 Africa up to 1500 C.E.
Master timeline: Africa to 1500 C.E.
25,000 – 10,000 B.C.E. Rock paintings in North Africa, Sahara, and
southern Africa
10,000 B.C.E. Beginnings of agriculture
5000 B.C.E. Sedentary farming communities along Nile
Valley and in Ethiopia
4000 B.C.E. Earliest possible date for beginnings of Bantu
migrations
3600 B.C.E. Complex settlements at Nagada and
Hierakonpolis in Upper Nile region
3100 B.C.E. Narmer/Menes unifies Nile Valley in Egypt via
conquest
3100 – 2575 B.C.E. Archaic Period of Ancient Egypt
2700 B.C.E. Origins of complex settlements in Nubia (Gash
Culture)
2575 – 2180 B.C.E. Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt (time of
pyramid building)
2400 B.C.E. Rise of state of Kerma in Nubia
2180 – 2040 B.C.E. First Intermediate Period (collapse of centralized
authority in Egypt)
2040 – mid-seventeenth century B.C.E. Middle Kingdom period of Ancient Egypt
2000 B.C.E. Origins of Nok culture in central Nigeria
1530 – 1070 B.C.E. New Kingdom period of Ancient Egypt
1070 – 332 B.C.E. Late Period of Ancient Egypt
1000 B.C.E. Rise of state of Kush in Nubia
1000 B.C.E. Possible innovation of iron-smelting technology
in East African lakes region
1000 – 500 B.C.E. Origins of ironworking in West Africa
1000 B.C.E. Carthage hounded as Phoenician Colony
730 B.C.E. Kushan conquest of Egypt
700 B.C.E. Ethio-Sabean states in Horn of Africa and
Ethiopia
663 B.C.E. Assyrian conquest of Egypt
591 B.C.E. Rise of state of Meroë in Nubia
332 B.C.E. Alexander the Great’s army invades Egypt
264 – 146 B.C.E. “Punic Wars” between Carthage and Rome
21 B.C.E. Roman conquest of Egypt
1st millennium, C.E. Arrival of bananas in East Africa
41 C.E. Apostle Mark arrives in Egypt
100 C.E. Rise of state of Aksum in Ethiopian highlands
300 C.E. Rise of state of Ghana in West African savannah
330 C.E. Conversion of King Ezana of Axum to
Christianity
350 C.E. Advent of Arian Christianity in Egypt
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, Summary Africa in World History (2012)
429 C.E. Vandal invasion of North Africa
639 – 642 C.E. Islamic conquest of Egypt
429 C.E. Vandal invasion of North Africa
639 – 642 C.E. Islamic conquest of Egypt
651 C.E. Islamic army defeated by Christian Nubians at
Dongala
700 C.E. Beginnings of Swahili “Stone Towns”
900 C.E. Bronze castings at Igbo-Ukwu in southern
Nigeria
969 C.E. Fatimid conquest of Egypt
1076 C.E. War between Ghana and Almoravids
1100 C.E. Rise of Kingdom of Benin in West African
forest region
1137 C.E. Zagwe Dynasty established in Ethiopia
1171 C.E. Salah al-Din overthrows Fatimids and
establishes Ayyubid Dynasty in Egypt
1200 C.E. Rise of state of Great Zimbabwe
Thirteenth century Building of Lalibela churches in Ethiopia
1230 C.E. Sundiata defeats Soumaro at Battle of Krina;
birth of Ancient Mali
1250 C.E. Mamluks seize power in Egypt
1270 C.E. Solomnids overthrow Zagwe Dynasty in
Ethiopia
1324 – 1325 C.E. Hajj of Mansa Musa
1331 C.E. Ibn Battuta visits Swahili Coast
1352 C.E. Ibn Battuta travels to West African savannah
1434 C.E. “Doubling” of Cape Bojador
1453 C.E. Ottomans capture Constantinople
1460 – 1470s C.E. Expansion of Songhai Empire
1471 C.E. Portuguese establish trading center at El Mina
1484 C.E. Congo and Portugal exchange embassies
1485 C.E. Diaz rounds Cape of Good Hope
1491 C.E. King Njinga of Congo converts to Christianity
1492 C.E. Columbus reaches Caribbean Islands
1497 C.E. Da Gama visits Swahili Coast and India
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