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Summary Unit 4 A2 Learning aim B: Explore manufacturing techniques and testing methods for an organic liquid
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P3,P4,M2,M3,D2 achieved.
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, Lab ReportDate: Monday 26th March 2021
Experiment Name: Preparation of ethyl ethanoate and test its’ Purity
Introduction:
Introducing what is the background of ethyl ethanoate, so what is an ester? An ester is
functional group (-COO) mostly encountered in organic chemistry, as such are structurally
known to be bound to and to make an ester a hydrogen atom must be removed from the
hydroxyl group (-OH) of the alcohol and the portion of the acid’s carboxyl group as it must
be removed for which the hydrogen atom and the -OH combine to form a water molecule. A
carbon and three other atoms, as such are known to be a single bond to a carbon, double bond
to an oxygen, and a single bond to an oxygen, as known the oxygen is bound to another
carbon. Esters have usually name endings such like -yl , -oate, and alcohol the name goes to
the front, acid name to the back. Esters are usually formed by the condensation reaction
between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid and esters have a unique feature in having
characteristic of flavourings smells and are insoluble in water. Something to mention is that
because of the molecule which has an ester link (-COO) which separates the two molecules,
as the C=O comes from the parent acid (that is where there are four carbon atoms in the acid
molecule and two carbon atoms in the parent alcohol, one of whom is mentioned is ethyl
ethanoate (BBC Bitesize, 2021). So, what is ethyl ethanoate is an organic ester compound
with a molecular formula of C4H8O2? It is colourless liquid with a characteristic odour
which is commonly used in glues & nail polish remover, artificial fruit essences, aroma
enhancers, artificial flavours for confectionery such like ice cream and cakes. However, there
is a downside is that its extremely flammable, it is miscible (of liquids forming a homogenous
mixture when added together) and it is also highly miscible with all common organic
solvent’s alcohols, but it is only slightly miscibility in water & the chemical formula ethyl
acetate C4H8O2 (UK OFFICE, 2021).
Firstly, the key aspects discussed is that the scientific principles behind and the techniques
used in the preparation and testing of ethyl ethanoate of esterification reactions as such esters
are produced when carboxylic acid are heated with alcohols in the presence of an acid
catalyst and the catalyst is in a concentrated sulphuric acid as dry hydrogen chloride gas can
be used however this will be involved in aromatic esters as the esterification reaction is slow
and reversible and the techniques used in this preparation the carboxylic acid and alcohols are
often warmed together in the presence of few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid in order
smell the esters formed as by using small quantities will be used to be heated in a test tube
which is stood in a hot water bath for couple of minutes as the testing’s of this reaction is low
and reversible as ester isn’t produced at this rate of time and so by the smell its disguise or
misinterpret by the smell of the carboxylic acid and by doing an easier method would be that
of detecting the smell of the ester is to pour the mixture into some water in a small beaker as
well as the disadvantage is that a lot of the times the esters can be fairly insoluble in water
and can form a thin layer on the surface as such excess acid and alcohol can dissolve and are
found to be tucked safely doing this will ensure that its tucked under the ester layer. Esters
like ethyl ethanoate which is found in glue as what happens is that the bigger the esters, the
more esters the smells tends to be like that of an artificial fruit flavouring (Clark, 2015).
, Secondly, the key aspects discussed is that the scientific principles behind and the techniques
used in preparation and testing of ethyl ethanoate of condensation reaction is a reaction for
which two molecules that combine to form a single molecule to that a small molecule like
water as its made up of two hydrogen and one oxygen as it can be removed during a
condensation reaction as such like amino acids have a very significant figure in biological
molecules as it consists of amine functional group (compounds that contain nitrogen atom
bonded in a hydrocarbon) as such it has one end of the molecule and a carboxylic acid
functional group at the end. Also, as the amino acids combine in a condensation reaction, a
covalent bond can be formed between the amine nitrogen of one amino acid, secondly the
carboxyl carbon of which comes from the second amino acid, and finally water will be
removed as a second product. Furthermore, a reaction like this forms a molecule called a
dipeptide and the carbon-nitrogen covalent bond is known as the peptide bond (AP Chemistry
Laboratory, 2020). The techniques used in the preparation are that the mixture of the ethanoic
acid, ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid is gently heated by either a water bath, the ester
will then be distilled off and it will be formed and collected in a separate beaker by
condensation, and the testing of this is that the distillate can be checked and to be made sure
that the ester has been produced and small quantities of ethanoic acid, sulfuric acid, and
ethanol will be collected in the process, as well as to remove the acidic impurities, sodium
carbonate solution can be added, until the mixture will stop the fizzing and finally by
removing the ethanol safely as with a bunsen burner can cause a dangerous fire hazard as
calcium chloride solution will be added (Jamie, 2020).
Furthermore, the key aspects discussed is that the scientific principles behind and the
techniques used in preparation and testing of ethyl ethanoate of reflux a lot of organic
chemical reactions (containing from carbon chain), this manufacturing technique works with
very long chain of carbon compounds, because of this it will require a lot of speed up these
reactions as the heat is applied to it, as organic compounds will be known to be in the simple
molecular structures with the low boiling points, what happens is that the organic chemicals
will be volatile and as heated it can be evaporated and not be retrieved. So, all and all the
solution would be that of heating the reaction which a technique like reflux will be able to
safely heat the organic chemicals underneath a reflux (its a technique that will stop the
organic chemicals the organic compounds to be evaporated and be lost). As such the reflux
will be involved in heating the chemical reaction for a period of a time and will be cooling as
the vapour will be produced back into a liquid form which will have all the chemicals that is
wanted to be there using a reflux condenser or a German term named for it which is called a
Liebig condenser and what the advantage of this is that the vapours will be produced above
the reaction and will undergo condensation as such it will be returning to the flask as a
condensate. Moreover, the reactants for the reflux experiments can be filled solids and liquids
or two liquids, then what happens is that the condenser will be filled with water to ensure that
its sufficiently cooling then the vapours will be given off from the liquid reaction mixture as
it changes from a gas phase back to the liquid phase as what happens is that due to the loss of
heat it starts to change to a liquid phase. Henceforth, it causes the liquid mixture to fall back
into a round bottom flask and as the chemical reaction alkanol + alkanoic acid alkyl
alkonoate that the chemical reaction involved in this will give the organic compounds a
higher yield of product. And also the flask will be heated using a flask will be used in a
heated which hot water bath, equipment’s like a heating mantle, if there is a temperature of
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