Samenvatting
Summary of articles and exam prep
Extensive summary of articles and exam preparation
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 102 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 102 pagina's
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Lecture 1:Art. 1: Inventors and invention processes in Europe: Results from the PatVal-EU survey ............................... 2
Art. 2: James, S. D., Leiblein, M. J., Lu, S. (2013), “How Firms Capture Value from their Innovations” ........ 9
Art. 3: Mol, Wijnberg & Carroll (2015). Value Chain Envy: Explaining New Entry & Vertical Integration in
Popular music .............................................................................................................................................. 16
Art. 4: Schilling (2010). Chapter 9: Protecting Innovation ............................................................................ 22
Lecture 2:
Art 1: Cecaggnoli (2009): Appropriability, Preemption, and Firm Performance ............................................ 29
Art. 2: Teece (1986): Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration,
licensing and public policy........................................................................................................................... 33
Art. 3: Teece (2010). Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation .................................................... 42
Lecture 3:
Art. 1: Chesbrough (2006): Open innovation a new paradigm for understanding industrial innovation .......... 52
Art. 2: Laursen & Salter (2006). Open for innovation: the role of openness in explaining innovation performance
among UK manufacturing firms ................................................................................................................... 55
Art. 3: Open Innovation: Past Research, Current Debates, and Future Directions. Lichtenthaler, U. (2011) ... 55
Lecture 4:
Art. 1: Binken & Stremersch (2009) - The Effect of Superstar Software on Hardware Sales in System Markets
.................................................................................................................................................................... 59
Art. 2: Cennamo & Santalo - Platform Competition: Strategic Trade-offs in Platform Markets ..................... 62
Art. 3: Eisenmann et al. (2006). Strategies for two-sided markets. ................................................................ 67
Lecture 5:
Art. 1: Janak (2011) - Classification of Causes and Effects of Uploading and Downloading of Pirated Film
products ....................................................................................................................................................... 70
Art. 2: Goel et al. (2010): The Impact of Illegal Peer-to-Peer File Sharing on the Media Industry ................. 73
Lecture 6:
Art. 1: New horizons or a strategic mirage? Artist-led-distribution versus alliance strategy in the video game
industry ....................................................................................................................................................... 79
Art. 2: Gemser et al. (2007) - Why Some Awards Are More Effective Signals of Quality Than Others: A study
of Movie Awards ......................................................................................................................................... 83
Art. 3: Gemser et. al. (2007) - The impact of film reviews on the box office performance of art house versus
mainstream motion pictures ......................................................................................................................... 86
Summary Capturing Value from Innovation 1
,Lecture 01
- Giuri,P. Mariani, M., Brusoni, S., Crespi, G., Francoz, D. Gambardella, A., Garcia-Fontes, W., Geuna,
A., Gonzales, R. Harhoff, D., Hoisl, K., Le Bas, C., Luzzi, A., Magazzini, L. Nesta, L., Nomaler, Ö.,
Palomeras, N., Patel, P., Romanelli, M., Verspagen, B. (2007), “Inventors and invention processes in
Europe: Results from the PatVal-EU survey,” Research Policy, 36(8), 1107-1127.
- James, S. D., Leiblein, M. J., Lu, S. (2013), “How Firms Capture Value from their Innovations,” Journal
of Management, 39(5): 1123–1155.
- Mol, J.M., Wijnberg, N.M. and Carroll, C. (2005), “Value Chain Envy: Explaining New Entry and
Vertical Integration in Popular Music,” Journal of Management Studies, 42(2): 251–276.
- Schilling, M. (2010), Strategic Management of Technological Innovation, New York: McGraw-Hill,
3rd Ed., Chapter 9: 183–208.
Art. 1: Inventors and invention processes in Europe: Results
from the PatVal-EU survey
Giuri,P. Mariani, M., Brusoni, S., Crespi, G., Francoz, D. Gambardella, A., Garcia-Fontes, W., Geuna, A.,
Gonzales, R. Harhoff, D., Hoisl, K., Le Bas, C., Luzzi, A., Magazzini, L. Nesta, L., Nomaler, Ö., Palomeras,
N., Patel, P., Romanelli, M., Verspagen, B. (2007), “Inventors and invention processes in Europe: Results from
the PatVal-EU survey,” Research Policy, 36(8), 1107-1127.
Abstract
Based on a survey of the inventors of 9017 European patented inventions, this paper provides new information
about the characteristics of European inventors, the sources of their knowledge, the importance of formal and
informal collaborations, the motivations to invent, and the actual use and economic value of the patents.
Introduction
Our data are drawn from a large-scale survey (PatVal-EU, or PatVal for short) granted by the European Patent
Office (EPO) between 1993 and 1997, located in France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK
(hereafter “EU6”). Along with input data such as R&D expenditures and the human capital employed in
research, patents have become the most common measure of innovation output.
Advantages of Patents Shortcomings of Patents
- They resemble invention counts. - They relate only to certain types of inventions.
- Well-documented: especially in recent - There are vast differences across firms, industries and
years thanks to the extensive on-line countries in the precision with which patents measure
information that can be conveniently innovation output.
organized into databases. - There is still ambiguity about what exactly
- Combination of different indicators: patent indicators measure. E.g. patent citations are a noisy
patent citations have been used to measure of information flows, because many citations are
measure their importance & economic added not by applicants, but by the patent examiners or just
value or to describe the direction and to avoid infringements
Summary Capturing Value from Innovation 2
, geographical extent of KL flows among - It is hard to distinguish whether patent claims are a
inventors and patent holders. measure of patent scope, degree of protection or of value.
- Patent claims have been used to ac-count- Citations are correlated with several aspects of the patent,
for the scope of patent protection. e.g. its legal robustness and not just with its value.
PatVal
- covers all technological fields, deals with both for-profit and non-profit applicants, and collects information
on small, medium and large business companies.
- main objective is to collect information about patents and the underlying invention process on issues that had
not previously been explored in depth because of lack of information in the patent documents.
- provides new proxies for variables like knowledge flows or patent value for which the present measures are
subject to the discussions noted earlier
- focuses on 3 areas: inventors; research collaborations & spillovers; use & economic value of the patents
The PatVal-EU survey
The PatVal patents are classified into 5 “macro”-technological classes: Electrical engineering, Instruments,
Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals, Process engineering, & Mechanical engineering. The survey also provides
information about inventors’ employers: small firms (less than 100 employees), medium firms (100–250
employees), large firms (more than 250 employees), universities, public or private research institutions, and
others.
Who are the European inventors?
Age and vintage matter. Scientists become less productive as they get older, although there are differences
across research fields and over time. Studies suggest that inventors’ technological performance is highly
concentrated, with few key inventors responsible for a large part of the firm’s technological output. As seen on
table 3, the PatVal survey provides a unique opportunity to explore the characteristics of individual inventors,
such as their sex, age, education, motivations to invent, and job mobility.
à only 2.8% of the inventors in the PatVal sample are women. According to Commission data, female
participation in science and engineering declines along the career path. The gap between the percentage of men
and women in academia increases dramatically as we move from undergraduates, where the shares are similar,
to doctoral students, assistant professors, associate professors and full professors, where the gap is huge. A
similar effect might occur in patenting. The average age of our inventors is 45, which suggests that the
production of a patent occurs when people are no longer young researchers, at least in Europe. Our data also
confirm that women provide a considerably unexploited potential of human capital in Europe. Moreover, the
lack of variation across countries and technologies reinforces the perception that the reasons are institutional
rather than technical or any other.
Summary Capturing Value from Innovation 3
, Mariani & Romanelli (2007) found that the inventors’ level of education, together with the employment in a
large firm and the involvement in large-scale research projects positively affect the number of patents that an
inventor produces over his career. These factors, however, do not affect directly the expected value of the
inventions. They do only indirectly, as they found that the number of inventions explains the probability of
producing a technological hit.
There is a positive correlation between researchers’ productivity and their mobility, in particular, patents of
mobile inventors receive more citations. It is argued argue that inter-firm and intra-firm mobility serve as a
mechanism for creating an accurate match of employee and employer characteristics. Movers are more
productive than non-moving inventors. Moreover, more productive inventors are less likely to move. Moreover,
the mobility of human capital produces knowledge spillovers across organisations. The least mobile inventors
come from Spain, where almost 90% never changed job whereas 34.7% of UK inventors changed job at least
once.
According to table 4, social and personal motivations are on average more important than money or career
advances with similar rankings across the EU6.
Both scientists
and industrial
inventors are
creative
individuals, and
creative
individuals have
common
characteristics,
motivations and
goals. We emphasize 3 similarities.
1. First, as human capital becomes more important, the owners of this asset, care about things that enhance
the perception of the asset’s value. Thus, prestige and reputation are important. In turn, this may be
because of personal satisfaction like fame and glory, or for more instrumental reasons like the
opportunity this creates for future monetary rewards.
2. Second, an individual benefits from the growth of the organisation in which he works because this
favours his own prestige, growth or visibility as well. This may then explain why our inventors care
about the performance of their employer.
3. Third, unlike other professions, creativity, the search for knowledge, and the ability to show that
something is possible, can be personally enticing. Thus, scientists & inventors may engage in it simply
for consumption purposes, which explain the importance of personal satisfaction.
Regarding monetary incentives, in general, apart from Germany, and partly the UK, these figures show that
employers rarely provide their inventors with monetary incentives. Table 4 also shows that, when these
incentives exist, they are typically transitory.
Collaborations, spillovers and sources of Knowledge
Sources of knowledge spillovers
One source of KL is the creation of formal and informal networks of collaboration among researchers or
institutions. Knowledge spillovers, which are more intense when there is geographical proximity, also imply
Summary Capturing Value from Innovation 4
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