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Summary Analysis of International Relations

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All-encapsulating summary of the prescribed lectures for AIR in bullet point format. Seeing as the summary is roughly 70 pages, it is advised to read on the cases case per case. Caused me to get a 8.5 for the exam, ask the class of 2023 ;).

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  • 28 april 2022
  • 44
  • 2021/2022
  • Samenvatting
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 International system
 “a set of actors and organizations operating across national borders whose
interactions are structured in particular ways”
o Why study the international system
 It has effects that cannot be attributed to the interests and choices of actors
and organizations themselves
o Four concepts
 Anarchy
 Society
 Distinction community and society (Weber and Tönnies)
o Community (see below)
 Gemeinschaft
 Intimate relationships based on shared identities,
values and beliefs
 Actors are motivated by sentiment, attitudes, and
emotions
o society
 Gesellschaft
 Functional relationships based on formal
institutions, roles, rules, and obligations
 Actors are motivated by rational calculations
 International society
o Kaczmarska
o Relations among states are shaped by formal norms, rules,
and institutions
 Opposed to International Anarchy, where
relations among states are shaped by fear of
agression and thus by security dilemmas
 Non-state actors are important as well
o Bull
 Anarchy can co-exist with a society of states
 World politics is characterised by
cooperation among sovereign states in a
society without a government
o No leviathan or hegemon, but a
society binding them
 “an international society exists when a goup
of states, conscious of certain common
interests and values, conceive themselves to
be bound by a common set of rules in their
relations with one another, and share in the
working of common institutions”
 Pillars of international society
 Shared goals of states
o Restriction of violence
o Respect for agreements
o Stabilization of possessions

,  Fundamental institutions
 Ensure the achievement of
the shared goals
o Balance of power
 See lower
o International law
o Diplomacy
o War
 See lower
o Great power management
o More may be in place then Bull
thought of
 International society combines competition
and rules
o Are rules shared?
 If not, you're back at
anarchy
o War
 Waltz: a behaviour of states, always possible
because of anarchy
 Bull: a institution of international society, involving
shared understandings and practices to limit
violence
 Ius ad bellum
o Self-defense vs. Agression
o Preemptive vs. Preventative attacks
 Preemptive legitimate
 Preventative illegitimate
 Ius in bello
o Proportionality
o Treatment of civilians vs. Enemy
combatitants vs. Unlawful
combatants vs. Prisoners of war
o War crimes
o Balance of power
 Waltz: a distribution of capabilities among states,
important because of anarchy
 Bull: an institution of international society, involving
shared undertandings and practices to limit
aggression
o Globalisation of international society
 Bull and Watson: international society emerged in
Europe and spread worldwide
 Pre-modern
o Relations between European states
 International society

, o Relations between European states
and others
 International anarchy
 Modern
o End of colonialism and the creation
of the UN caused all states to join
international society
 Critique on Bull and Watson
 In pre-modern times, relations between
non-European states themselves and with
European states were not lacking in
fundamental rules
 Thus too Eurocentric view
o Instead, the European empires and
colonialism broke those rules, and
then replaced them
o See Crawford below
o Crawford (continuation)
 Research on the Hodenosaunee nations (Iroquois
peoples)
 Pre 1450: lots of war among Hodenosaunee
nations
 1450-1777: creation of the Iroquois
Confederacy
 Set rules
 Reduced conflict
 Elimination of war
o Made by the Indians themselves
o Not very different from the post-
1815 Concert of Europe
 Hierarchy
 Conventional wisdom in IR theory:
o No hierarchy in the international system
 Realism
o there's no world government able
to protect states or ensure rule
compliance, so all seek to survive
o States differ in their power
resources, but no state has special
rights or functions
 Liberalism
o States differ in internal
structure/values/culture
 Shapes their external
interests and behaviour
o No state has special rights or
functions

,  Institutionalism
o States adopt international
institutions to achieve their joint
interests
 All are equal in rights and
functions
 Key to the domestic-international comparison
 Waltz
o In defining structures, the first
question to answer is: “what is the
principle by which the parts are
arranged”
o Domestic systems are centralized
and hierarchic
o Vs.
o International systems are
decentralized and anarchic
 Modern
o What is international hierarchy?
 Lake
 “variations in authority exerted by a
dominant state over a subordinate party”
 Zarakol
 “any system through which actors are
organised into vertical relations of super-
and subordination”
o Concepts of international hierarchy
 As a reflection of power differentials
 Very narrow conception
o States have different roles
depending on their relative power
 Powerful states are
expected to lead
 Weaker states are expected
to follow
 Emphasizes power and coercion
o Less-powerful states accept
differentiation of roles because they
have no choice
 Behavioural effects
o State action is shaped by
differentiated roles, regardless of
their actual interests or preferences
 Realpolitik hierarchy of power in IR
 Nuclear weapon possession
changes this system a bit
o Dominant power

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