College aantekeningen
Sexual Violence (Rape:Assault)
- Vak
- Instelling
Overview of Sexual Violence (Rape:Assault) lecture for Violent Crime exam.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 2 van de 5 pagina's
Voorbeeld 2 van de 5 pagina's
In winkelwagen
In winkelwagen
gesponsord bericht van onze partner
Verkoper
Volgen
serenfarrar
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Sexual Violence: Rape + Sexual AssaultDefinitions
A sex offender is…someone who has committed sexual behaviour prohibited by the
law.
No universally accepted definition of sexual offences (e.g. marital rape).
In E&W, this could mean:
- Offences included in the Sexual Offences Act 2003
- Offences subject to the Sex Offenders Register (SOR)
BUT some offences prosecuted elsewhere (e.g. PCA 1978 and CJA 1988 for indecent
images of children – inc. pseudo-photographs since 1994).
AND almost any offence could have a sexual motive (e.g. sexually motivated stalking
under the PHA 1997)
Definitions Reflect Cultural Attitudes
In England & Wales:
- Incest criminalised in 1908
- Homosexual activity decriminalised in 1967 (age of consent lowered from 21 to
18 in 1994; and to 16 in 2000)
- Rape in marriage criminalised in 1991
- “Buggery” charged as rape since 1994
- Assault by penetration introduced in 2003.
SOA remained largely unchanged since 2003
- e.g. Voyeurism Act 2019 introduced new offence of “upskirting” (section 67A)
Breadth + Scope of Sexual Violence
Contact (e.g. rape, assault by penetration, sexual assault)
Non-contact (e.g. voyeurism, exposure, indecent images)
Non-consensual (e.g. rape, sexual assault, causing sexual activity)
Consensual (e.g. incest, sex in a public lavatory)
Preparatory (e.g. trespass with intent, administering a substance with intent)
Age of Consent: What is a Child?
No universal agreement over age of consent for sex - see worldwide list
- Can depend whether the couple is married or same/opposite sex
In E&EW, victim under 13 years old = statutory rape
- Strict liability offence (*but more exceptions for young defendants)
- 6-19 years custodial tariff (max life licence)
Victim over 13 but under 16 = sexual activity with a child
- Defendant does not reasonably believe victim is over 16
- Community order - 14 years custody
Victim under 18, and defendant aged 18+ and in a ‘position of trust’
- Community order - 5 years custody
Children as Perpetrators of Sexual Offence?
Age of criminal responsibility in E&W ordinarily 10
- Children below this cannot be arrested or charged with a crime
, - Aged 10+ charged and sentenced under exactly the same legislation as adults
SOA extends age of criminal responsibility to 18
- So, sentencing guidelines only apply to perpetrators aged 18+ and there are no
mandatory sentences for ‘child perpetrators’
What is a Paraphilia?
DSM-5 Paraphilia = “recurrent, intense sexual urges and arousing fantasies where
the source of attraction is considered unusual (possibly deviant and perverse)”
- ‘Para’= something deviant, abnormal or unusual (i.e. paranormal)
- ‘Philia’ = sexual attraction to something
Too many paraphilias to list (e.g. necrophila, zoophilia, gerontophilia, hybristophilia,
coprophilia)
Overlaps with ‘fetishes’ – some more controversial than others
- Some (but not all) paraphilias are illegal
- Not all sexual offences are paraphilias
What is a Paedophilia?
DSM-5 paedophilia: “recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasises, sexual urges, or
sexual behaviours involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children
(generally aged 13 years and younger)”
Pedophilia is not necessarily a crime – need to possess both the MR and AR
Not all Child Sex Offenders are Paedophiles?
Not all child sexual offences are motivated by sexual attraction to children.
See typology of child sex offenders as situational/opportunistic vs. preferential/fixed
(Groth, 1979)
Latter category most closely resembles paedophile
Child sex offenders meeting the criteria for paedophilia 2-10% (Lanning, 2001) +
many more show cross-over with respect to age of victim.
Hence prefer term ‘child sexual offenders’ since captures all of those who sexually
offend against children – risk of excluding largest majority
Theoretical Explanations
Illustrate four perspectives”
- Medical
- Evolutionary
- Sociological (feminism)
- Psycho-social (SLT)
Medical Perspective
Traditionally adopted a biological view of sex (i.e. for reproduction)
- This can only be achieved through sexual intercourse between a man and woman
(anything else is pointless and deviant!)
- Foreplay is a means-to-an-end (sexual arousal for intercourse)
- Begrudgingly acknowledged sex might allow relief of sexual tension
Mostly focused on explaining rape because that is the end goal (sexual assault a
thwarted attempt at rape)
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper serenfarrar. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,52. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 80189 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen