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Globalization 01 - Summary lectures and articles
This is a summary based on the learning aims mentioned in the manual. It encompasses all lectures and articles. Exam grade: 8
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Social sciences – Vrije UniversiteitGlobalization 01
Human Security
2021/2022 – Summary lectures and articles
Teachers: van Apeldoorn & Dalakoglou
1
,INHOUD
Globalization 01 Manual intro .......................................................................................................................... 5
Lecture 1: Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 6
Steger, M.B. (2017). Globalization: a contested concept ................................................................................... 6
Globalization is a contested concept: ............................................................................................................ 7
Different definitions of globalization: ............................................................................................................ 8
Tensions between global forces and local responses: ................................................................................... 8
Lecture 2: Globalization and the problem of human (in)security ...................................................................... 8
Steger, M.B. (2017). Is globalization a new phenomenon? ................................................................................ 8
Steger, M.B. (2017). The economic dimension of globalization ......................................................................... 9
Martin, M., & Taylor, O. (2014). Introduction. ................................................................................................. 10
Key academic and political/ policy debates on globalization from a multi-disciplinary perspective: .......... 11
Globalization is a multi-dimensional process: .............................................................................................. 11
Globalization is not entirely new but has a (pre)history: ............................................................................. 11
Key aspects of contemporary economic globalization: ................................................................................ 12
How globalization creates particular global societal challenges, in particular has having to do with
democracy, inequality and especially human security: ................................................................................ 12
Lecture 3: Globalization, development and human security: Concepts, critiques and governance I ............... 12
Steger, M.B. (2017). The political dimension of globalization .......................................................................... 12
Sen, A. (2014). Birth of a discourse ................................................................................................................... 13
NDP (1994). UNDP development report 1994. New dimensions of human security ....................................... 15
Lecture 4: Globalization, development and human security: Concepts, critiques and governance II .............. 16
Tadjbaksh, S. (2014). In defense of the broad view of human security. ........................................................... 17
The concept of global governance as a reflection of political globalization: ............................................... 19
The concept of global human development and ways of understanding and measuring it: ....................... 19
Key institutions and evolution of the global governance of (under)development: ..................................... 19
The origins of the concept of human security, in particular to global governance:..................................... 20
Various debates about human security: the concept, various definitions and critiques, and how it has been
applied to analysing global problems and challenges: ................................................................................. 20
How the concept of human security has been applied to policy-making and governance and critiques .... 21
Contemporary human security challenges, how they relate to globalization and how they are identified
and addressed within global governance among others through the SDG .................................................. 22
Lecture 5: New Security Issues I: ‘’New Wars’’ and Military Interventions ..................................................... 23
Kaldor, M. (2012). New and old wars: Organized violence in a global era ....................................................... 23
The relation between globalization and organized violence (e.g. military globalization; the changing nature
of war) .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
The concept of ‘’new wars’’ and be able to critically engage with the concept ......................................... 25
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, Link between new wars and human security ............................................................................................... 26
the concepts of humanitarian intervention and R2P in relation to human security (discourse) ................. 26
Critically evaluate these concepts and associated practices (of military interventions) ............................. 27
Lecture 6: New Security Issues II: Global Health, and the environment .......................................................... 27
UNDP (2021). Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier Human Development and the
Anthropocene. .................................................................................................................................................. 27
Osterholm, M. T., & Olshaker, M. (2020). Chronicle of a pandemic foretold learning from the covid-19
failure—before the next outbreak arrives. ....................................................................................................... 28
Barnett, J. (2010). Environmental security. ...................................................................................................... 29
Dalby, S. (2014). Rethinking geopolitics: Climate security in the Anthropocene. ............................................ 30
The relation between globalization, human security and global health: ..................................................... 32
The concept of environmental security and how it is linked to globalization and human security: ............ 32
Apply this in the case of climate change: ..................................................................................................... 32
Link both issues to global governance: ........................................................................................................ 33
Lecture 7: The new Global Divide: Global elites and the populist backlash .................................................... 33
Steger, M.B. (2017). Challenges to globalism ................................................................................................... 33
Milanovic, B. (2016). Global inequality: A new approach for the age of globalization .................................... 33
Freeland, C. (2011). The Rise of the New Global Elite ...................................................................................... 35
Different dimensions of global income and wealth inequality in the era of globalization .......................... 36
The main trends in global inequality: ........................................................................................................... 36
The possible political consequences of global inequality: ........................................................................... 36
Possible links between globalization, inequality, power relation and politics ............................................. 37
Argue how the phenomenon of the rise populism may be linked to rise of global inequality .................... 37
Reflect about the implications for democracy ............................................................................................. 37
Lecture 8: Colonialism, globalization and post-colonialism ............................................................................ 38
Banerjee, S.B. & Linstead, S. (2001). Globalization, multiculturalism and other fictions: Colonialism for the
new millennium? .............................................................................................................................................. 38
Davis, M. (2000). The origin of the Third World ............................................................................................... 39
Globalization as a historical project: ............................................................................................................ 40
Imperialism and colonialism along their historical and political relationship with globalization: ............... 40
Postcolonialism and its consequences as a historical, social and cultural condition: .................................. 41
Critical of the links between post-colonialism, late capitalism and globalization: ....................................... 41
Lecture 9: Which development? ..................................................................................................................... 42
Corbridge, S. (2007). The (im)possibility of development studies. ................................................................... 42
Nederveen Pieterse, J. (1998). My paradigm or yours? Alternative development, postdevelopment, reflexive
development ..................................................................................................................................................... 45
The evolution in the content of international development policies: ......................................................... 46
Development policies as historical process depending on specific political frameworks: ........................... 47
3
, Development policies and their historical links with colonialism and imperialism : .................................... 48
Lecture 10: Borders, (im)Mobilities and (in)Securities .................................................................................... 49
Dalakoglou, D. (2016) Europe’s last frontier: The spatialities of the refugee crisis, Globalisation, transport and
the environment ............................................................................................................................................... 49
OECD ................................................................................................................................................................. 49
De Genova , N. (2002). Migrant illegality and deportability ............................................................................. 50
Human mobility in its historical, social and cultural context: ...................................................................... 50
Contemporary national and international borders and the ontology of modern nation-states: ................ 51
Undocumented migration, refugee flows, deportation, boundaries and other phenomena related to
contemporary human (im)mobility .............................................................................................................. 52
Lecture 11: Fear and the tight to the global city ............................................................................................. 53
Davis, M. (2006). Planet of slums. .................................................................................................................... 53
Low, S. (2001). The edge and the center: Gated communities and the discourse of urban fear. .................... 54
Harvey D. (2008). The right to the city. ............................................................................................................ 55
Significance of modern urbanisation for globalization processes: ............................................................... 55
Human (in)security and fear as parts of urban being: .................................................................................. 56
Modern urbanisation and the right to the city: ........................................................................................... 56
Lecture 12: Crisis, emergencies catastrophies: states of exception ................................................................. 57
Steger, M.B. (2017). Assessing the future of globalization ............................................................................... 57
Fassin D., & Vasquez, P. (2005). Humanitarian exception as the rule: The political theology of the 1999
Tragedy in Venezuela ........................................................................................................................................ 57
Harvey, D. The enigma of capital and the crisis of capitalism. The disruption ................................................. 58
Tett, G. (2015) Economics' tribal thinking. ....................................................................................................... 59
Crises, emergencies and catastrophes as organic phenomena of global economy: .................................... 59
States of exception: ...................................................................................................................................... 60
Grasp the connection between states of exception and forms of governance: .......................................... 60
4
,GLOBALIZATION 01 MANUAL INTRO
1. International development (especially lectures 3, 4 and 9)
Global-local tension between international development efforts (for example by UNDP, NGOs, USAID, World
Bank or AIIB) and local needs, politics or cultures
2. International finance (especially lectures 7 and 12)
Global-local tension between the power of international finance (for example corporate elites, global investors
or the IMF) and local labour markets or inequalities
3. International migration (especially lectures 8, 10 and 11)
Global-local tension between international migration (including economic migrants, refugees, expats or
tourists) and local national or ethnic identities and (perceived) security threats
4. International intervention (especially lectures 5 and 6)
Global-local tension between international interventions (for example UN humanitarian interventions and US
military interventions) and local governance, sovereignty and security issues
- globalization is a multifaceted process of globalization which affects human security issues at different
societal levels, and in different societies.
- New forms of power and social inequalities challenge existing social, political, cultural and
organizational structures. These challenges produce different social, political (policy), cultural and
organizational responses
- Challenges of perceived human insecurity are ‘’damaged’’ and governed from local to global levels.
- Other disciplines contribute to the analyses and understanding of the complex issues related to
globalization. By understanding and contrasting disciplines, we can describe the value of their own
discipline in relation to other disciplines
- Contemporary issues such as inequality and migration are related to the processes of globalization and
are able to frame there in terms of human security and insecurity. Explain global causes of
locally/nationally experienced (in)security, the global consequences for security issues of
local/national behavior and global variation in feelings of insecurity and perceived need for human
security.
- Analyze issues related to globalization from their own as well as other disciplinary perspectives.
- Critically reflect on existing and envisioned solutions to these (perceived) problems of human
(in)security and as such also reflect on the linkages between global forces and local responses.
- Analyze these issues of human (in)security from the multiple perspectives within the social sciences
and understand how different disciplines can complement or contradict each other.
- Multidisciplinary conceptual and theoretical toolbox for analyzing globalization and human security
- Examine the implications of issues of globalization and human security for local organizational and
institutional realities and present this
1. General introduction
2. Globalization and the problem of human (in)security
3. Globalization, development and human security: concepts, critiques and governance I
4. Globalization, development and human security: concepts, critiques and governance II
5
, 5. New security issues I: ‘’new wars’’ and military interventions
6. New security issues II: global health and the environment
7. The new global divide: global elites and the populist backlash
8. Colonialism, globalization and post-colonialism
9. Which development?
10. Borders, (im)mobilities and (in)securities
11. Fear and the right to the global city
12. Crises, emergencies catastrophes: states of exception
>Global forces and local responses are two sides of the same
coin, but tensions arise because they often contradict
How does the tension between global forces and local responses affect human security (“freedom from want
and fear”)?
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION
STEGER, M.B. (2017). GLOBALIZATION: A CONTESTED CONCEPT
o Globalization: refers to a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply,
stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same
time fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local
and the distant.
o Three different but related concepts:
• Globality - Signifies a social condition characterized by tight global economic,
political, cultural and environmental interconnections and flows that challenges
most of the currently existing borders and boundaries
▪ Global imaginary – refers to people’s growing consciousness of the world as a single
whole
▪ Globalization - Is a spatial concept signifying a matrix of social processes that is
transforming our present social condition of conventional nationality into one of
globality. Like other terms that end with '-ization', suggests a sort of dynamism best
captured by the notion of 'development' or 'unfolding' along discernible patterns.
Such unfolding may occur quickly or slowly, but it always corresponds to the idea of
change, and, therefore, denotes the transformation of present conditions.
o Globalization however, also takes place deep inside the 'regional', 'national' and 'local'
domains.
• Global studies refer to this complex interplay between the global and the
local/national as glocalization.
• The global and local should not be seen as opposites. Rather, they constitute
interrelated nodes of expanding's social interconnections encompassing all spatial
scales (same coin)
o 4 majors forms of globalization
▪ Embodied globalization – involve the movement of people across our planet and
from the one country to the other
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, ▪ Disembodied globalization - Is characterized by the extension of social relations
through the movement of immaterial things and processes, including words, images,
and electronic texts, and encoded capital such as crypto-currencies like Bitcoin.
▪ Object-extended globalization – global movement of objects (trade commodities)
shells, coins, notes
▪ Organization- extended globalization - Corresponds to the global extension of social
and political institutions such as empires, states, corporations, NGOs, clubs and so
on.
o They all create new social networks and the multiplication of existing connections that cut
across traditional political, economic, cultural and geographical boundaries. They all involve
the intensification and acceleration of social exchange and activities. Globalization does not
merely unfold on an objective material level but also involves the subjective plane of human
consciousness
o 4 dimensions of globalization: economics, politics, culture and ideology
o globalization is a geographically uneven process that not only connects but sometimes also
disrupts existing relations. This means that people living in various parts of the world are
affected very differently by this gigantic compression of space and time
o 4 qualities or characteristics core of globalization: 1-creation of new and the multiplication
of existing social networks.2- expansion and the stretching of social relations. 3-
intensification and acceleration of social exchange 4- creation, expansion and intensification
of social interconnections and interdependencies
o globalization is an uneven process, meaning that people living in various parts of the world
are affected very differently by this gigantic transformation of social structures and cultural
zones.
o large segments of the world population - particularly in the global South - do not enjoy
equal access to thickening global networks and infrastructures. Globalization is thus
associated with inequality.
'globalization is happening' contains three important pieces of information:
- we are slowly leaving behind the condition of modernity
- we are moving toward the new condition of (postmodern) globality
- we have not yet reached it.
GLOBALIZATION IS A CONTESTED CONCEPT:
• is globalization good or bad?
o Neither good nor bad but has the potential to do enormous good (Joseph Stiglitz)
• Is globalization westernization/ americanization?
o No, strong roots in the expansion of EU capitalism (17th-19th) and emergence of American
hegemony (20th century)
• Is globalization homogenization/ universalization?
o No, strong tendencies towards cultural homogenization but also strong counter-tendencies
• left their readers with the simplistic impression of globalization as an unstoppable juggernaut,
spreading the logic of capitalism and Western values by eradicating local traditions and national
cultures”
The influence of globalization on human security (the individual):
• Why would it be positive?
o You can unite with countries to keep people safe from things like terrorism and stuff like that.
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, o Globalization has lifted people out of poverty --> Brought more wealth (overall).
• Why would it be negative?
o The benefits of globalization have been spread very unevenly --> inequality.
• Some even say that inequality have increased due to globalization.
o Some say that globalization is the cause of global warming and climate change.
o Some say that globalization has a stimulating effect on terrorism.
Globalization/capitalism developed in Europe staring with the industrial revolution
DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION:
• Short definition: “Globalization refers to the expansion and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and world-space”
• Very short definition: “Globalization is about growing worldwide interconnectivity” (Steger)
TENSIONS BETWEEN GLOBAL FORCES AND LOCAL RESPONSES:
• Global forces and local responses are two sides of the same coin, but tensions arise because they
often contradict Four global forces (related to human (in)security:
o 1. International development
Global-local tension: the tension between international development efforts and local needs,
politics or cultures. (how do development projects such as UNDP, NGO, USAID, World Bank
etc. affect a particular locality and how do local stakeholders repond?)
o 2. International finance
Global-local tension: the tension between international migration and local national or ethnic
identities and (perceived) security threats. (How are refugees from conflict-ridden countries
approached by a host country society, media and politics, or how are expat communities
created in a particular place?)
o 3. International migration
Global-local tension: the tension between the power of international finance and local labour
markets or inequalities. (How does the behaviour of corporate elites or global investors affect
a local labour market? How do IMF requirements affect inequality in a particular place?
o 4. International intervention
Global-local tension: between international interventions and local governance, sovereignty
and security issues (humanitarian or military interventions perceived and acted upon by local
power holders or local populations?)
LECTURE 2: GLOBALIZATION AND THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN (IN)SECURITY
STEGER, M.B. (2017). IS GLOBALIZATION A NEW PHENOMENON?
o The process of making self-driving cars, the new iPhone stand on the shoulders of earlier
innovators who created the steam engine, the cotton gin , the telegraph etc.
o Is it new? Depends upon how far we are willing to extend the web of causation that resulted
in those recent technologies and social arrangements that most people have come to
associate with the buzzword.
• Post industrialism - impressive evidence for their view that the dramatic expansion and acceleration
of global exchanges since the early 1970s represents a quantum leap in the history of globalization.
8
, • Industrial revolution - The proponents of the second view correctly emphasize the tight connection
between contemporary forms of globalization and the explosion of technology
• Modernity and the capitalist world system - point to the significance of the time-space compression
that occurred in the 16th century
• Ancient developments - sensible argument when they insist that any truly comprehensive account of
globalization falls woefully short without the incorporation of ancient developments and enduring
dynamics into our planetary history
o Globalization in different time periods:
▪ The prehistoric period – migration recurring; hunter and gatherers had contact
while remaining geographically limited. Globalization in prehistoric period was
limited. No long distance interactions. Best way to characterize the dynamic of the
earliest phase of globalization is the great divergence. – people and social
connections stemming from a single origin but moving diversifying greatly over time
and across geographical space
▪ The premodern period 1500 bce- 1500ce– invention of the wheel, invention of
writing > technological social boosts. Invention of gunpower, hydraulic engineering,
paper etc. led to changes in life and the way people moved. Existing sprawling
networks triggered migration, which led to further population increase and growth
of urban centres
▪ The early modern period 1500-1750 – modernity has become associated with the
18th century European Enlightenment project of developing science, achieving
universal form of morality and law, liberating rational modes of thoughts and social
organization. The rise of European metropolitan centres represented another
important factor. European expansionism: a capitalist world economy?
▪ The modern period 1750-1980 – western capitalist countries underwent an
unprecedented ‘industrial revolution’. Due to the industrial revolution and the
resistance to the working-class there was an enormous shift in social relations that
kicked globalization. The volume of world trade increased between 1850-1914
capital and goods flowed across borders almost freely. Also an population explosion
▪ The contemporary period 1980-now – call it the great convergence > different and
widely spaced people and social connections coming together more rapidly than
ever before
o Important to keep in mind: Globalization is not a single process but a matrix of processes
that operate simultaneously and unevenly in different forms - embodied, disembodied,
object-extended - across all geographical scales and across many dimensions
STEGER, M.B. (2017). THE ECONO MIC DIMENSION OF GLOBALIZATION
o Economic globalization refers to the intensification and stretching of economic connections
across the globe.
o Neoliberalism: is rooted in the classical liberal ideals of Adam Smith (1723-9O) and David
Ricardo (1772-1823), both of whom viewed the market as a self-regulating mechanism
tending toward equilibrium of supply and demand, thus securing the most efficient allocation
of resources. They considered that any constraint on free competition would interfere with
the natural efficiency of market mechanisms, inevitably leading to social stagnation, political
corruption, and the creation of unresponsive state bureaucracies + survival of the fittest
(Spencer)
o Three most significant dynamics related to economic globalization:
▪ The internationalization of trade and finance - Globalization of financial trading
allows for increased mobility among different segments of the financial industry,
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