Samenvatting
Summary Complete aantekeningen hoorcollege 1 tot en met 12 voor eindtentamen
- Instelling
- Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Complete aantekeningen hoorcollege 1 tot en met 12 voor eindtentamen. 87 pagina's.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 87 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 87 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Gekoppeld boek
Titel boek:
Auteur(s):
- Uitgave:
- ISBN:
- Druk:
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Lecture 1 - introductionsocial neuroscience
- mix of sociology (social, economic and historical context), social psychology
(underlying - autonomic - motivations and emotions) and neuroscience (neural
mechanisms of underlying - automatic - motivations and emotions)
- links these different levels of explanation
modular
- specialized routines and brain structures
that perform very specific functions
non-modular
- specific functions are the result of many
routines and structures
social brain is non-modular
- social and non-social cognition rely on each other and evolved hand-in-hand
- general hypothesis: bigger brains lead to changes in both social and non-social
intelligence
social intelligence hypothesis
- (social) pressure from leaving in groups and fighting for our position has lead to
increased intelligences in social and non-social domains
Where does the brain come from?
- bigger brains lead to changes in both social and non-social intelligence (Gould, 1991)
- or maybe like this – more the social intelligence hypothesis – pressure to outwit
peers may lead to increased intelligence in non-social domains (Humphrey, 1976).
The Triune Brain model
- according to this model the human brain is an
accumulation of brain regions that can be roughly
divided in 3 phylogenetic stages
1. reptilian brain (subcortex of our brain)
- action-reaction machinery
- quite modular: small nuclei with distinct
(non-)social roles
- like fight-flight mechanism
2. mammalian brain (limbic system)
- emotionality: behavioral flexibility
- module-like: amygdala/ insula (limbic
system) specific for fear and disgust
3. primate brain (neo-cortex)
- rationality: behavioral control
- non-modular
- no separate brain areas
- sort of exception: mirror neurons might have a specific social function
1
, - each new layer supports more complex functions and exerts control over the older
layer(s)
- First fight, maybe after that cry and be emotional, and after that, control and
rationality
- example
- you see a tiger, so the reptilian brain will tell you ‘flight or fight’
- when the tiger is behind bars or far away, your mammalian brain (or
emotional brain) will asses the situation and give some behavioral
- large part of our behavior is still driven by the old part of our brain (by similar brain
mechanisms as our phylogenetic predecessors); control on the lower layers isn’t
perfect
- example
- someone with anxiety disorder might have reptilian brain reactions in
inappropriate situations
mirror neurons
- neurons that respond to both self-behavior and other-behavior
- like during intentional actions
- thought to serve observational learning
- learning from seeing someone else doing, which is highly evolved in humans
and a few primates
- higher order learning skill
- there may be comparable systems for emotion and sensation (e.g. pain) as well as
action
- not tightly localized to one region, so this would go against the idea of modular part
- however, the book states that mirror neurons might be a module-like solution to the
non-modular social brain
--> lecture 1.2 introduction min 13:00
methods of SNS - (psycho)physiology
- psychological methods: behavioural and cognitive measures
- physiological methods: skin conductance, heart-rate, muscle activity (EMG)
2
,psychological methods
- behavioral and cognitive measures
- these are essential measures, because biological measures without additional
information make no sense in social neuroscience
1. subjective measures
- emotional experience (feeling)
- using interviews or questionnaires
- POMS: profile of mood states
- personality questionnaires
- STAI/STAS (state-trait anxiety/anger)
- LSAS (Liebowitz social anxiety scale)
- ES-SQ (empathy/systemizing, related to autism)
- BIS/BAS (behavioral inhibition/activation)
- many more
- these data is useful
- as control variable
- for correlation with other measure
- to compare different studies (validate questionnaires)
2. observational measures
- frequency of behaviors, measured by scoring and counting
- creating a situation and measuring: what will the participant do?
- often used in animals and infant studies
- methods
- camera (blinding and inter-rater reliability to make sure the study is
valid and reliable)
- eye-tracking
3. performance measures
- reaction time and accuracy
- create a social or emotional situation and
measure the reaction time and accuracy
changes
- speed-accuracy trade-off
- restricted, but ‘real’ behavior
- stable because of many, many measurements
- the faster a participant is, the more error that will be made
- bringing a participant in social or emotional situation and measure how
it affects the results
- IQ-tests
- (emotion) recognition tests
- selective attention
- implicit association task
- (Gaze) cueing tasks
3
, - so the participant is performing a task while being distracted
- classical stroop task: interference of color and
word
- emotional stroop: interference of emotion
- facial fear stroop: interference of expression (
angry or happy faces → participants with high
trait angriness are slowing at naming the color after presentation of
an angry face relative to a neutral face)
summary
- subjective measures: emotional experience, personality, questionnaires
- observational measures: frequency of behaviors
- performance measures: reaction time, accuracy,
parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
- the body is controlled by the brain through the spinal cord
- sympathetic nervous system
- gets activated when your stressed or activated
- your heart-rate will go up, pupil gets bigger, digesting system goes down to
prepare the body for action
- parasympathetic nervous system
- gets activated when your relaxed and in rest
- your heart-rate will go down, digesting system will digest your food because
you have the time to do that
(electro)physiological methods
- skin conductance, heart-rate, muscle activity (EMG)
- examples
4
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper julieheijnen. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €11,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 73918 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen