College aantekeningen
Slides Introduction Psychology And Its Methods
Slides Introduction Psychology And Its Methods
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 34 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 34 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Verkoper
Volgen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Slides Introduction to Psychology and its Methods 2019-2020Lecture 1: Genes and Evolution
Overview
• The genetic basis
• Evolution by natural selection
• Genes and behaviour
The genetic basis
• Is it correct to claim that “a violent person has violent genes?
- In the seventies: no! Environment → (violent) behaviour
- In the nineties: yes! Genes → (violent) behaviour
- Today: Genes ↔ environment ↔ (violent) behaviour
• Genes
- Meaningful sections of the DNA molecule
- Govern the cell’s functioning by providing instructions for making proteins
▪ Where
▪ When
▪ How much
• Gene expression: whether a gene is turned “on” or “off”; the extent to which a gene is
transcribed into a sequence of amino acids (protein)
- In each cell, some genes are expressed at any point in time and others are not. This
is controlled by the biochemical environment inside the cell.
▪ The biochemical environment inside the cell is influenced by e.g., the
environment outside the cell, timing in development, the overall environment,
experience, behaviour.
• Genotype = an organism’s specific set of genes •
• Phenotype = the overt traits and behaviours of an organism
- Phenotype is determined by genotype x environment (experience, past and present).
• Each gene is paired with another gene
- The pairs are located at corresponding positions on pairs of chromosomes.
- Allele is one specific variant of a gene.
▪ Dominant
▪ Recessive
• Homozygote: alleles on locus are the same
• Heterozygote: alleles on locus are different
• A specific trait or behaviour is determined by the interaction between the environment (past
and present) and
- One gene pair
- Multiple gene pairs: polygenetic inheritance.
• Where do our parent’s sets of genes come from?
- From their parents
• and theirs?
• from their parent
• and theirs?
• from their parents etc.
• The genome is shaped by evolution over the years → Darwin’s evolution theory
1
,Slides Introduction to Psychology and its Methods 2019-2020
Evolution by natural selection
• Charles Darwin hypothesized that all modern organisms
- are descended from a small set of shared ancestors.
- have merged over time through the process of evolution.
• The key mechanism of evolution is natural selection.
- Three conditions
▪ There is variation among individuals of a populations
▪ Individuals with a certain trait survive and reproduce at higher rates than
others
▪ The trait associated with this advantage is passed from parents to offspring
- This specific trait will be better represented in the next generation.
• Organisms differ in genotype and variations in genotype are passed from generation to
generation.
• What matters is the survival of genes, not the survival of individuals.
• The evidence for modern evolutionary theory comes from many sources
- The fossil record
- The resemblance between genomes of various organisms
- Pseudogenes
- Distribution of species across the world
▪ Continental islands versus oceanic islands
• Despite overwhelming evidence, many people remain skeptical about the theory of evolution.
- Results of a survey (2005): “human beings, as we know them, developed from earlier
species of animals.”
• It does not follow that evolution
- Somehow improves organisms
- Can only lead to rigid behavioural patterns
Genes and behaviour
• Nature versus Nurture
- The nature (genes) nurture (environment) debate has become increasingly irrelevant.
- Instead, there is a continuous interaction between genes and environment!
• Who we are is determined by how our genes are expressed in distinct environments
• Behavioural genetics = the study of how genes and environment interact to influence
psychological activity.
- Methods:
▪ Twin studies
▪ Adoption studies
• Heritability (H)
• Epigenetics = the study of how environment affects genetic expression
2
,Slides Introduction to Psychology and its Methods 2019-2020
Lecture 2: The Brain and the nervous system
Overview
• Introduction
• Building blocks of the nervous system
• Communicating among neurons
• Studying the brain
• The brain
Introduction
• Genes X environment = phenotype
• The nervous system consists of
- Glia
- Neurons
Building blocks of the nervous system
• Different types of neurons
- Sensory receptors
- Sensory (afferent) neurons
- Interneurons
- Motor (efferent) neurons
Communicating among neurons
• Neurons either fire or do not fire
- All-or-none law
▪ Intensity variations by
- Variations in the number of neurons firing
- Variations in firing rate
• Neurons interact
- Via synapses
- Trough chemical substances
• Synapse = the place where a signal passes from one nerve cell to another
• Neurotransmitters = chemical substances that transmit signals from one neuron to another.
- Lock-and-key Model
- Effect is terminated by
▪ Auto-receptors
▪ Synaptic reuptake
▪ Enzymes
- The binding of a neurotransmitter with a receptor produces an excitatory or inhibitory
signal.
• Drugs
- Agonists
▪ Increase of precursor
▪ Counteracting the cleanup enzymes
▪ Blocking the re-uptake
▪ Mimicking the transmitter’s action
- Antagonists
▪ Decrease precursor (or neurotransmitter)
▪ Increase effectiveness clean up enzymes
▪ Enhance the reuptake
▪ Blocking of receptors
3
, Slides Introduction to Psychology and its Methods 2019-2020
Communication of the brain with the body
The sympathetic division of the nervous system prepares the body for action.
The parasympathetic system systems returns the body to a resting state.
Endocrine system
• Makes hormones that control your moods, growth, development, metabolism, organs and
reproduction.
• Controls how your hormones are released
• Sends those hormones into your bloodstream, so they can travel to other body parts
19th Century → Phrenology
• Bumps on the skull were interpreted in terms of personality traits
Studying the brain
Methods for studying the brain
• Clinical observation of patient with brain damage
• Experimental techniques
▪ Invasive: animal studies
▪ TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)
• Other techniques
▪ Electrophysiology
▪ EEG (ERP)
▪ Brain imaging
▪ (f) MRI scan
▪ PET scan
4
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper TR19. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,65. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 50843 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen