Samenvatting
Problem 4 - Creativity Summary 2.8 Performance At Work (FSWP2-080-A)
Problem 4 - Creativity Summary 2.8 Performance At Work (FSWP2-080-A)
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Problem 4 – CreativityBaas 2014 - Specific Mindfulness Skills Differentially Predict Creative
Performance
Type of study: experimental
Aim: to test whether the relation between mindfulness and creativity is positive and uniform (the
uniform hypothesis) or differentially depends on particular components of mindfulness (the differential
hypothesis)
Theoretical background
Mindfulness = a state of conscious awareness resulting from living in the moment
• Linked to improved emotion regulation, interpersonal skills, stress regulation, communication
skills, self-esteem, well-being, positive affect, reduced fear of being judged by others
• Also associated with improved cognitive abilities → WM capacity and intelligence, sustained
attention, concentration, ability to switch perspectives, inhibition of distractions and irrelevant
thoughts and feelings
• Mindfulness can be trained
• Unclear relation between mindfulness and creativity
• Effects of mindfulness on factors relevant to creativity suggest a uniform and positive relation,
whereas work on specific mindfulness skills suggests that mindfulness skills may differentially
predict creativity
Mindfulness as a multifaceted construct
1. Observation → associated with increased cognitive flexibility, distributed attentional focus, and
the inhibition of automatic responding
a. Key drivers of creative cognition
2. Act with awareness (AWA) → especially associated with restrictive attentional focus and
reduced mind wandering which may be detrimental for creative idea generation
• Meditation trainings predominantly facilitating the ability to observe led to more creativity than
meditation trainings focusing on elevating levels of AWA
Hypothesis
• Uniform hypothesis: aggregated mindfulness skills on factors pertinent to creativity propose a
positive relationship between mindfulness and creativity across individual components of
mindfulness
• Differential hypothesis: individual mindfulness skills or meditation practices that solely targeted
a particular skill suggests that mindfulness skills may differentially predict creativity, with
Observation being more strongly related to creativity than AWA
, Mindfulness
• Characterized by non-judgmental, sustained, and alert awareness of experiences in the present
moment, including physical sensations, affective states, and thoughts
• In a mindful state, people calmly and clearly pay attention to ongoing mental content without
thinking about or evaluating ongoing mental phenomena that unfold over time
• Mindfulness skills can develop with practice
o Focused-attention meditation entails voluntarily focusing attention on a chosen object
in a sustained fashion → closely monitor mind wandering and distracting thoughts,
feelings, and bodily sensations, and once they become aware of the distractor, they
disengage their attention from the distractor and shift their attention back to the
selected object
o Open-monitoring meditation, involves non-judgmental monitoring of experiences in the
present moment → monitor their physical sensations, affective states, and thoughts in a
non-evaluative way and non-reactively become aware of automatic cognitive and
emotional interpretations of their experiences.
Mindfulness skills
1. Observation – internal (bodily sensations, thoughts, emotion) and external (sounds, smell)
2. Act with Awareness – ability to fully engage in current activities with undivided attention, or
focus on one thing at a time with full awareness—this skill is targeted with focused attention
meditation
3. Description – ability to verbally describe observed phenomena in a non-evaluative way and
without conceptual analysis
4. Accept without judgment – ability to accept or be non-evaluative about present-moment
experience
Instruments to measure mindfulness
• Mindful Attention Awareness Scale → rate how often they have experiences of acting on
automatic pilot and not paying attention to the present moment (Act with awareness skill)
• Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills Scale (KIMS) → full range of Mindfulness
Mindfulness, Meditation and Creativity
Mindfulness enhances skills which lead to creativity
1. Ability to switch perspectives
2. Enhanced working memory capacity
3. Positive affect
4. More authentic behavior and reduced fear of being judged by others
Method
• Uniform hypothesis: positive relation was expected
• Differential hypothesis: no or even a negative relation was predicted
Study 1 - Association between the mindfulness skill AWA and creative ideation
Participants: 58 undergraduates
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