SCK3703-Community-work-summaries.
Table of Contents
POVERTY AND THE POOR AS CONTEXT............................................................................................................................. 3
Poverty and the poor....................................................................
, Table of Contents
POVERTY AND THE POOR AS CONTEXT............................................................................................................................. 3
Poverty and the poor.................................................................................................................................................... 3
Poverty, women and development................................................................................................................................ 3
Responses to poverty.................................................................................................................................................... 4
Stakeholders in community development..................................................................................................................... 4
PRACTICE MODELS............................................................................................................................................................ 5
Community development............................................................................................................................................... 5
Community education.................................................................................................................................................... 5
Social planning.............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Social marketing............................................................................................................................................................ 6
Social action.................................................................................................................................................................. 6
COMMUNITY WORK: AN OVERVIEW................................................................................................................................. 7
Origins of community work........................................................................................................................................... 7
Relationship between community work and other social work methods..................................................................... 8
Relationship between community work & community development........................................................................... 8
The nature of community work..................................................................................................................................... 8
Nature of community development............................................................................................................................ 11
THEORETICAL CONTRIBUTIONS........................................................................................................................................ 13
Person-centred approach............................................................................................................................................ 13
Social construction...................................................................................................................................................... 13
Critical theory.............................................................................................................................................................. 13
Assets-based community development........................................................................................................................ 14
Appreciative inquiry.................................................................................................................................................... 14
Sustainable livelihoods................................................................................................................................................ 14
Developmental approach............................................................................................................................................ 15
Social development approach..................................................................................................................................... 15
Basic needs approach.................................................................................................................................................. 15
Systems perspective.................................................................................................................................................... 15
COMPONENTS AND PARTICIPANTS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
............................................................................... 16
The Environment.......................................................................................................................................................... 16
The community and the action group......................................................................................................................... 17
The community worker’s organisation........................................................................................................................ 17
The community worker............................................................................................................................................... 17
COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY WORK.......................................................................................................................... 19
The community........................................................................................................................................................... 19
The practitioner........................................................................................................................................................... 19
The context................................................................................................................................................................. 20
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT METHODS AND SKILLS ................................................................................................... 21
, Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Broad-angle scan......................................................................................................................................................... 21
Listening survey........................................................................................................................................................... 21
Collecting stories......................................................................................................................................................... 21
Appreciative inquiry.................................................................................................................................................... 21
Mapping...................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Community self-surveys.............................................................................................................................................. 22
Swot analysis............................................................................................................................................................... 22
Social analysis.............................................................................................................................................................. 22
ETHICS, PRINCIPLES, FEATURES & OUTCOMES OF PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT
.......................................................... 23
Ethics for social workers.............................................................................................................................................. 23
Principles of community development........................................................................................................................ 23
Features of community development......................................................................................................................... 24
Outcomes of community development....................................................................................................................... 24
THEMES OF ACTION........................................................................................................................................................ 26
Initiating the project.................................................................................................................................................... 26
Planning...................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Implementation........................................................................................................................................................... 26
Evaluation/reflection & control.................................................................................................................................... 27
Termination................................................................................................................................................................. 27
THE COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS................................................................................................................................. 27
Step 1: Do a situation analysis..................................................................................................................................... 28
Step 2: Identify & analyse impediments...................................................................................................................... 28
Step 3: Formulate a plan of action.............................................................................................................................. 29
Step 4: Implement the plan of action.......................................................................................................................... 30
Step 5: Evaluate the process & results & sustain change............................................................................................. 31
, POVERTY AND THE POOR AS CONTEXT
Poverty and the poor
Basic needs not being met, lack of sufficient means of subsistence.
Perception of poverty influence how we respond to deprived people- “poverty” & “poor” are “labels.
Poverty: condition experienced by groups of people referred to as “the poor”, reflected by
economic indicators.
Absolute poverty: next meal/absence thereof means difference b/t life & death.
Relative poverty: basic needs met, experience disadvantage i.t.o their social environment.
THEORIES ON CAUSES OF POVERTY:
o 2 categories: 1- personal responsibility & personal dysfunction; 2- blame society, created &
damaged by oppression.
VIEWS OF UNDERSTANDING POVERTY:
o Max-Neef: Poverties of unmet, fundamental human needs-
▪ Economic concept of poverty inadequate.
▪ Any fundamental need not adequately satisfied = poverty.
▪ Types of poverty:
Subsistence- income, food shelter
Protection- health systems, violence, arms race
Affection- oppression, exploit natural enviro
Understanding- poor education
Participation- marginalisation, discrimination
Identity- alien values, exile
▪ Destroyer- supposed to satisfy 1 need, destroy community’s ability to meet other needs
▪ Pseudo-satisfier- create false sense of satisfaction
▪ Inhibiting satisfier- can prevent fulfilment of other needs
▪ Singular satisfier- only satisfy one need
▪ Synergic satisfier- satisfy 1+ need at the same time
▪ Human scale developmental approach: economic growth isn’t enough to alleviate poverty. Is
people-centred, so sees people as change agents in their own future. Satisfy all needs, not
just economic.
o Chambers: Poverty as entrapment-
▪ Poor: households trapped in a cluster of disadvantage.
▪ People easily exploited & vulnerable, have insufficient skills & resources.
▪ Households experience:
Material poverty- lack of food
Isolation- unable to pay for school/ travel
Vulnerability- insufficient assets
Powerlessness- low status
o Freire: Poverty as oppression-
▪ oppressed people within a culture of silence.
▪ They become “beggars without choice”
▪ They have no decision-making power- so they protest & react w/ aggression.
▪ They confront the system to say they’re still human.
“THE POOR”:
o Label given by outsiders & creates distance. Ignores their individuality.
o Poverty becomes an impersonal phenomena- label makes them nameless & faceless = “us” & “them”.
o Lost their self-determination & become dependent.
o Not a homogenous group w/ common interests.
Poverty, women and development
Male development at expense of women’s
Women are most NB change agents- give decision- making power & authority
Change occurs when women become empowered
Women more open to change & their needs differ from men’s
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